Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism James S. Olson, EDITOR Robert Shadle, SENIOR ASSOCIATE EDITOR ASSOCIATE EDITORS: Ross Marlay William G. Ratliff Joseph M. Rowe, Jr. GREENWOOD PRESS New York * Westport, Connecticut * London Library of Congress Cataloging-in-PublicatiDoant a Historical dictionary of European imperialism / James S. Olson, editor ; Robert Shadle, senior associate editor ; associate editors, Ross Marlay, William G. Ratliff, Joseph M. Rowe, Jr. Pp. cm. ISBN 0-313-26257-8 (alk. paper) 1. Europe—Colonies—History—Encyclopedias. 2. History, Modern— Encyclopedias. 3. Europe—History—1492- —Encyclopedias. 1. Olson, James Stuart, 1946- . II. Shadle, Robert. D217.HS7 1991 903—dc20 90-38413 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright © 1991 by James S. Olson All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 90-38413 ISBN: 0-313-26257-8 First published in 1991 Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the PermaPanpere Sntantdar d issby uthee Nadtion al Information Standards Organization (Z39.48~- 1984). 10987654321 CONTENTS Contributors vii Preface xi HISTORICAL DICTIONARY OF EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM APPENDIX A: Languages of the Former European Colonies and/or Spheres of Influence Judith E. Olson 681 APPENDIX B: A Chronology of the European Empires 689 APPENDIX C: Ocean Island Groups of the World J. Larry Murdock 71S Sources 751 Index 753 CONTRIBUTORS ERNEST ANDRADE, JR., is a member of the History Department at the University of Colorado, Denver. GARY M. BELL is a member of the Department of History at Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas. CATHERINE A. BOEHM is currently a Fulbright Fellow conducting research in Great Britain. JAY O. BOEHM is currently a Fulbright Fellow and graduate student at the University of Virginia. PHILIP A. BUCKNER teaches history at the University of New Brunswick in Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada. MICHAEL DENNIS teaches history in the Cypress-Fairbanks Independent School District in Houston, Texas. BRUCE R. DRURY is a professor of political science at Lamar University in Beaumont, Texas. SAMUEL FREEMAN teaches political science at the University of Texas campus in Edinburgh, Texas. RONALD FRITZE is a historian at Lamar University in Beaumont, Texas. CATHERINE G. HARBOUR is a graduate student in history at Stephen F. Austin State University in Nacogdoches, Texas. CHARLES W. HARTWIG teaches political science at Arkansas State University at State University, Arkansas. BASCOM BARRY HAYES is a professor of history at Sam Houston State University in Huntsville, Texas. Viii Contributors WILLIAM T. HAYNES is an associate professor of history at Sam Houston State Uni- versity in Huntsville, Texas. CRAIG HENDRICKS teaches history at Long Beach City College in Long Beach, Cal- ifornia. ARNOLD P. KAMINSKY teaches in the Asian Studies Program at California State University, Long Beach, California. ARTHUR J. KNOLL teaches at the University of the South in Sewanee, Tennessee. ERIC C. LOEW is a graduate student in history at Sam Houston State University in Huntsville, Texas. SAID EL MANSOUR CHERKAOUI is an adjunct professor of history at several colleges in the San Francisco area. ROSS MARLAY is a political scientist at Arkansas State University, State University, Arkansas. FRANK MAROTTI, JR., is a graduate student in the Department of History at the University of Hawaii. ALAIN G. MARSOT is a political scientist at California State University, Long Beach. JOSEPH L. MICHAUD is a graduate student in history at Sam Houston State University in Huntsville, Texas. J. LARRY MURDOCK is head of government documents at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana. LEE E. OLM is a historian at Sam Houston State University in Huntsville, Texas. JAMES S. OLSON is a professor of history at Sam Houston State University in Huntsville, Texas. JUDITH E. OLSON is a graduate student in linguistics and ESL at Texas A & M University in College Station, Texas. CARLOS PEREZ is a graduate student in the history department of the University of California at Berkeley. ANITA PILLING teaches history at Willis High School in Willis, Texas. AMANDA POLLOCK is a graduate student in the Department of History at Sam Houston State University in Huntsville, Texas. WILLIAM G. RATLIFF teaches history at California State University in Chico, Cali- fornia. VEULA J. RHODES teaches in the Department of History and Political Science at Albany State College in Albany, Georgia. RANDY ROBERTS is a historian at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana. WILLIAM B. ROBISON teaches in the History Department of Southeastern Louisiana University in Hammond, Louisiana. JOSEPH M. ROWE, JR.., teaches history at Sam Houston State University in Huntsville, Texas. Contributors ix PHILIPPE-JOSEPH SALAZAR is Professor of French Language and Literature at the University of Cape Town in the Republic of South Africa. JERRY PURVIS SANSON teaches history at Louisiana State University in Eunice, Louisiana. WILLIAM H. SCHNEIDER teaches history at Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indiana. ROBERT SHADLE is a historian at Sam Houston State University in Huntsville, Texas. PETER T. SHERRILL teaches history at the University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Arkansas. MARK R. SHULMAN teaches history at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. KAREN SLEEZER is a graduate student in the Department of History at Sam Houston State University in Huntsville, Texas. JOHN W. STOREY is a historian at Lamar University in Beaumont, Texas. WALTER A. SUTTON teaches history at Lamar University in Beaumont, Texas. ROY E. THOMAN is a political scientist at West Texas State University in Canyon, Texas. JUSTUS M. van der KROEF is a member of the Department of Political Science at the University of Bridgeport in Bridgeport, Connecticut.