The historical dictionaries present essential information on a broad range of subjects, including American and world history, art, business, cities, countries, cultures, customs, film, global conflicts, international relations, literature, music, philosophy, religion, sports, and theater. Written by experts, all contain highly informative introductory essays on the topic and detailed chronologies that, in some cases, cover vast historical time periods but still manage to heavily feature more recent events. Brief A–Z entries describe the main people, events, politics, social issues, institutions, and policies that make the topic unique, and entries are cross- referenced for ease of browsing. Extensive bibliographies are divided into several general subject areas, providing excellent access points for students, researchers, and anyone wanting to know more. Additionally, maps, pho- tographs, and appendixes of supplemental information aid high school and college students doing term papers or introductory research projects. In short, the historical dictionaries are the perfect starting point for anyone looking to research in these fields. HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES OF LITERATURE AND THE ARTS Jon Woronoff, Series Editor American Radio Soap Operas, by Jim Cox, 2005. Fantasy Literature, by Brian Stableford, 2005. Lesbian Literature, by Meredith Miller, 2006. Scandinavian Literature and Theater, by Jan Sjåvik, 2006. Hong Kong Cinema, by Lisa Odham Stokes, 2007. French Cinema, by Dayna Oscherwitz and MaryEllen Higgins, 2007. Irish Cinema, by Roderick Flynn and Pat Brereton, 2007. Australian Radio and Television, by Albert Moran and Chris Keating, 2007. Polish Cinema, by Marek Haltof, 2007. Old Time Radio, by Robert C. Reinehr and Jon D. Swartz, 2008. German Cinema, by Robert C. Reimer and Carol J. Reimer, 2008. Westerns in Cinema, by Paul Varner, 2008. Chinese Theater, by Tan Ye, 2008. Italian Cinema, by Gino Moliterno, 2008. African American Theater, by Anthony D. Hill, 2009. Postwar German Literature, by William Grange, 2009. Modern Japanese Literature and Theater, by J. Scott Miller, 2009. Animation and Cartoons, by Nichola Dobson, 2009. Modern Chinese Literature, by Li-hua Ying, 2010. Middle Eastern Cinema, by Terri Ginsberg and Chris Lippard, 2010. Spanish Cinema, by Alberto Mira, 2010. Film Noir, by Andrew Spicer, 2010. French Theater, by Edward Forman, 2010. Choral Music, by Melvin P. Unger, 2010. Westerns in Literature, by Paul Varner, 2010. Surrealism, by Keith Aspley, 2010. Science Fiction Cinema, by M. Keith Booker, 2010. Children’s Literature, by Emer O’Sullivan, 2010. Latin American Literature and Theater, by Richard A. Young and Odile Cisneros, 2011. German Literature to 1945, by William Grange, 2011. Neoclassical Art and Architecture, by Allison Lee Palmer, 2011. American Cinema, by M. Keith Booker, 2011. American Theater: Contemporary, by James Fisher, 2011. English Music: ca. 1400–1958, by Charles Edward McGuire and Steven E. Plank, 2011. Rococo Art, by Jennifer D. Milam, 2011. Romantic Art and Architecture, by Allison Lee Palmer, 2011. Japanese Cinema, by Jasper Sharp, 2011. Modern and Contemporary Classical Music, by Nicole V. Gagné, 2012. Russian Music, by Daniel Jaffé, 2012. Music of the Classical Period, by Bertil van Boer, 2012. Holocaust Cinema, by Robert C. Reimer and Carol J. Reimer, 2012. Asian American Literature and Theater, by Wenjing Xu, 2012. Beat Movement, by Paul Varner, 2012. Jazz, by John S. Davis, 2012. Crime Films, by Geoff Mayer, 2013. Scandinavian Cinema, by John Sundholm, Isak Thorsen, Lars Gustaf Andersson, Olof Hedling, Gunnar Iversen, and Birgir Thor Møller, 2013. Chinese Cinema, by Tan Ye and Yun Zhu, 2013. Taiwan Cinema, by Daw-Ming Lee, 2013. Russian Literature, by Jonathan Stone, 2013. Gothic Literature, by William Hughes, 2013. French Literature, by John Flower, 2013. Baroque Music, by Joseph P. Swain, 2013. Opera, by Scott L. Balthazar, 2013. British Cinema, by Alan Burton and Steve Chibnall, 2013. Romantic Music, by John Michael Cooper with Randy Kinnett, 2013. British Theatre: Early Period, by Darryll Grantley, 2013. South American Cinema, by Peter H. Rist, 2014. African American Television, Second Edition, by Kathleen Fearn-Banks and Anne Burford-Johnson, 2014. Japanese Traditional Theatre, Second Edition, by Samuel L. Leiter, 2014. Science Fiction in Literature, by M. Keith Booker, 2015. Romanticism in Literature, by Paul Varner, 2015. American Theater: Beginnings, by James Fisher, 2016. African American Cinema, Second Edition, by S. Torriano Berry and Venise Berry, 2015. British Radio, Second Edition, by Seán Street, 2015. German Theater, Second Edition, by William Grange, 2015. Russian Theater, Second Edition, by Laurence Senelick, 2015. Broadway Musical, Second Edition, by William A. Everett and Paul R. Laird, 2016. British Spy Fiction, by Alan Burton, 2016. Russian and Soviet Cinema, Second Edition, by Peter Rollberg, 2016. Architecture, Second Edition, by Allison Lee Palmer, 2016. Renaissance Art, Second Edition, by Lilian H. Zirpolo, 2016. Sacred Music, Second Edition, by Joseph P. Swain, 2016. U.S. Latino Literature, by Francisco A. Lomelí, Donaldo W. Urioste, and María Joaquina Villaseñor, 2017. Postmodernist Literature and Theater, Second Edition, by Fran Mason, 2017. Contemporary Art, by Ann Lee Morgan, 2017. Popular Music, by Norman Abjorensen, 2017. American Theater: Modernism, Second Edition, by James Fisher and Felicia Hardison Londré, 2017. Horror Cinema, Second Edition, by Peter Hutchings, 2018. Australian and New Zealand Cinema, Second Edition, by Karina Aveyard, Albert Moran, and Errol Vieth, 2018. Baroque Art and Architecture, Second Edition, by Lilian H. Zirpolo, 2018. Historical Dictionary of Australian and New Zealand Cinema Second Edition Karina Aveyard, Albert Moran, and Errol Vieth ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD Lanham • Boulder • New York • London Published by Rowman & Littlefield A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.rowman.com Unit A, Whitacre Mews, 26-34 Stannary Street, London SE11 4AB Copyright © 2018 by Karina Aveyard, Albert Moran, and Errol Vieth All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Aveyard, Karina, author. | Moran, Albert, author. | Vieth, Errol, 1950– author. Title: Historical dictionary of Australian and New Zealand cinema / Karina Aveyard, Albert Moran, and Errol Vieth. Other titles: Australian and New Zealand cinema Description: Second edition. | Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield, [2017] | Series: Historical dictionaries of literature and the arts | Previous edition was written by Albert Moran and Errol Vieth and published by Scarecrow, 2005. | Includes bibliographical references. Identifiers: LCCN 2017043250 (print) | LCCN 2017053221 (ebook) | ISBN 9781538111277 (electronic) | ISBN 9781538111260 (hardcover : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Motion pictures—Australia—Dictionaries. | Motion pictures—New Zealand—Dictionaries. Classification: LCC PN1993.5.A8 (ebook) | LCC PN1993.5.A8 M66 2017 (print) | DDC 791.430994/03—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017043250 ™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. Printed in the United States of America Contents Editor’s Foreword ix Preface xi Reader’s Note xiii AUSTRALIA Acronyms and Abbreviations xvii Chronology xix Introduction 1 THE DICTIONARY 11 NEW ZEALAND/AOTEAROA 255 Acronyms and Abbreviations 257 Chronology 258 Introduction 267 THE DICTIONARY 275 Bibliography 347 About the Authors 403 vii Editor’s Foreword Over a decade has passed since the first edition of this book appeared. At that time I was admittedly a bit diffident about launching this subseries on cinema in two relatively peripheral countries. No longer. They may still be remote geographically, but in many ways they have become more central to the film world. Over the years, the screen industries of Australia and New Zealand have developed impressively, and they are producing a consistent output of world-class films. This second edition of the Historical Dictionary of Australian and New Zealand Cinema adopts much the same format as other volumes in the sub- series. Although the Australian and New Zealand sections are contained in two separate parts, they are cross-referenced. Each part contains a chronology that traces the industry from the very early days of cinema. This is followed by the dictionary entries, which include information about significant actors, directors, producers, writers, and others, as well as relevant companies and government bodies. There are also entries on major genres and themes. The book concludes with a combined bibliography containing entries organized by key topics as a guide to further reading. This new edition was written by Karina Aveyard and Albert Moran, who both live in Australia but have substantial exposure to New Zealand. Karina Aveyard is currently a postdoctoral research fellow at the University of Syd- ney and on leave from her permanent post as senior lecturer at the University of East Anglia. Albert Moran is an adjunct professor in the School of Hu- manities at Griffith University. He has had an outstanding career in academia, having authored, edited, and coedited more than twenty books on cinema and television and published numerous articles. The combined knowledge and substantial experience of the authors has resulted in an updated guide to the cinema of Australia and New Zealand that is not only informative but also highly readable. Jon Woronoff Series Editor ix