Historical development of Islamic libraries internationally and in South Africa : a case study of the Islamic Library in Gatesville. by Roldah Adams A minithesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Magister Bibliothecologiae, in the Department of Library and Information Science, University of the Western Cape. Supervisor: Professor G. H. Fredericks November 2003 1 DECLARATION I declare that Historical development of Islamic libraries internationally and in South Africa : a case study of the Islamic Library in Gatesville is my own work, that it has not been submitted for any other degree or examination in any other university, and that all the sources I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged as complete references. Roldah Adams Date: November 2003 Signed: 2 DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to my beloved parents, my father the late Hadjie Ganief Adams and my mother the late Hadjie Fatima Adams, may Allah grant them the highest place in paradise, insha-Allah (if God will). “Read in the name of your Lord who created, He created man from a clot of congealed blood. Read and your Lord is most bountiful – who taught with the use of the pen (to write), Taught man what he knew not.” Al-Qur’an – 96 (The Clot): 1-5 3 KEYWORDS Libraries Islamic Muslim Mosque History Information Knowledge Arabic Calligraphy Gatesville 4 ABSTRACT Historical development of Islamic libraries internationally and in South Africa : a case study of the Islamic Library in Gatesville. Roldah Adams M. Bibl. minithesis, Department of Library and Information Science, University of the Western Cape. The purpose of the study was to examine the historical development of Islamic libraries internationally and in South Africa and to examine the Islamic Library in Gatesville as a case study in order to understand in which way communities have sought to provide a solution for adequate library facilities for the specific needs of the Muslim community in the greater Cape Town area. The following objectives are derived from this purpose, namely to examine the: (cid:131) Historical development of Islamic libraries internationally and in South Africa (cid:131) Historical background of the Islamic Library in Gatesville (cid:131) Services rendered at the Islamic Library in Gatesville The research was conducted in two parts: a literature survey and an empirical investigation. 5 A survey of the published literature was executed to establish the extent to which the historical development of Islamic libraries internationally as well as in South Africa took place. Islamic libraries played a major role in the shift from oral to a written culture amongst Muslims. The first libraries in Islamic civilization were at mosques and the first book to enter the mosque was the Qur’an. Different types of libraries are discussed which include mosque, private, public and academic libraries. Three great libraries in Islam which held an important place in the cultural life of Muslims which were not only seen as store houses for books but seen as centers for learning and teaching were: The library of the Abbasid Caliphs in Baghdad (The House of Wisdom also known as Dar al-Hikma); the library of the Fatimide Caliphs in Cairo (The House of Science also known as Dar al-Ilm) and the library of the Ummayyad Caliphs in Spain (The Library of Cordova). During the latter part of the twentieth century the Muslim community in South Africa has been able to work towards the establishment of Islamic libraries. Special reference are made to three Islamic libraries in the Western Cape, namely the Islamic Library in Gatesville; Husami Sautush Shabaab Cravenby Islamic Library and the Southern Islamic Resource Centre and Library (SIRCAL) at Al-Munouwar Mosque, Retreat. In the empirical investigation, structured interviews were conducted with the staff and with some of the executive committee members of the Islamic Library in Gatesville to glean information on their perceptions 6 of the historical development of this library and services rendered. This method of data collection was chosen to ensure that the respondents reacted to the same set of questions and to afford the opportunity of clarification of questions to the respondents. The information acquired in this way contributed to the presentation of the case study. The Islamic Library established in 1987 began as a small home library in Primrose Park in the Athlone area, now situated in Gatesville. This library serves the Muslim community as well as any other community in the greater Cape Town area that wish to make use of its services. Recommendations for the Islamic Library in Gatesville to render an effective service include: to have a librarian-in-charge; workshops and training session for staff; re-arrangement of books and the launching of a library website. Recommendations for further research include a thorough survey of available resources especially of Islamic literature in the Western Cape as well as in the other provinces of South Africa or an overview of Islamic libraries in South Africa can be investigated. November 2003 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all I wish to thank the Almighty Allah who has granted me the health and strength to complete this thesis. My sincerest thanks and appreciation go to the following people for their support and contributions: Prof. George Fredericks for his support and guidance and supervision of this thesis. The Islamic Library staff, especially Tougeedah Dollie and Nathiera Booley as well as the executive Committee members, Ahmed Khan, Mohammed Jaffer and Dr Ilyas Parker whom I have interviewed and has given me the valuable information about the Islamic Library in Gatesville. Fadeelah Davids, librarian at Hangberg Public Library in Houtbaai and also a founder member of the Southern Islamic Resource Centre and Library (SIRCAL) in Retreat who contributed to the information about SIRCAL . Ismail Paleker of UWC library who forwarded me the information of the Husami Sautush Shabaab Cravenby Islamic Library. Wynand van der Walt of UWC library for the scanning of pictures. Last but not least my family, friends and colleagues who supported and motivated me throughout my studies. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS PAGE DECLARATION ii DEDICATION iii KEYWORDS iv ABSTRACT v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ix LIST OF TABLES xiv LIST OF FIGURES xv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS xvi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Statement of the problem 3 1.3 Purpose and objective of the study 5 1.4 Definition of terms 5 1.5 Literature review 7 1.6 Research methodology 11 1.7 Scope and limitations of the study 12 1.8 Significance of the study 12 1.9 Outline of the chapters 13 1 CHAPTER 2 ARABIC WRITING, CALLIGRAPHY AND THE BIRTH AND MATURITY OF THE ARAB- ISLAMIC BOOK 2.1 Arabic writing 14 2.2 Arabic calligraphy 18 2.3 The birth and maturity of the Arab-Islamic book 24 CHAPTER 3 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF ISLAMIC LIBRARIES INTERNATIONALLY 3.1 Introduction 27 3.2 Mosque libraries 30 3.2.1 Tehran Mosque Libraries 31 3.3 Private libraries 35 3.4 Public libraries 36 3.4.1 Public libraries in Saudi Arabia 38 3.5 Academic libraries 42 3.5.1 Academic libraries in Iraq 43 3.5.2 University libraries in Egypt 44 3.6 Three great libraries in Islam 46 3.6.1 Dar al-Hikma (House of wisdom), Baghdad 46 3.6.2 Dar al-Ilm (House of science), Cairo 47 3.6.3 The library of Cordova, Spain 47 3.7 Conclusion 48 2