HISTORICAL ATLAS OF CANADA VOLUME III EDITORIAL BOARD Chad Gaffield Gregory S. Kealey L.D. McCann Marvin Mclnnis James W. Simmons HISTOR ICAL ATLAS OF C x / \ J N J \ L j J \ Volume III Addressing the Twentieth Century 1891-1961 Donald Ken Deryck W. Holdsworth EDITOR EDITOR Susan L. Laskin ASSISTANT EDITOR Geoffrey J. Matthews CARTOGRAPHER/DESIGNER UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS Toronto Buffalo London For Alexandre, Dyan, Felix, Jean-Philippe, Jennifer, Lily, Mathew, Michael, Peter, and Stewart and for the young people of the twenty-first century www.utppublishing.com © University of Toronto Press 1990 Toronto Buffalo London Printed in Canada ISBN 0-8020-3448-9 Get ouvrage est egalement disponible en langue franchise aux Presses de 1'Universite de Montreal. Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Main entry under title: Historical atlas of Canada Partial contents: v. 3. Addressing the twentieth century, 1891-1961 / Donald Kerr, Deryck W. Holdsworth [editors]. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-8020-3448-9 (v. 3). i. Canada - Historical geography - Maps. i. Matthews, Geoffrey J., 1932- Gin6.siH581987 911'.71 c87~o94228-x The research, cartography, and publication of volume in of the Historical Atlas of Canada have been funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. Contents Donors xvi Foreword xvii Preface xix Acknowledgments xxii Canada 1891-1961: An Overview 1 3 CANADA IN 1891 ECONOMIC GROWTH Marvin Mclnnis, Peter J. Usher (native land use) Marvin Mclnnis Map Map The Land: Native Land Use; Non-Native Land Use Growth of Economic Production: 1891; 1929; 1961 Table Graphs Major Urban Centres Gross Domestic Product per Capita, 1890-1960 Manufacturing Production per Capita, 1899-1957 2 Foreign Investment: Investment in Canada, 1900-1960; Total Value, 1900-1960; Canadian Investment Abroad, TERRITORIAL EVOLUTION 1926-1960 National Work-Force, 1891-1961 Norman L. Nicholson, Robert Galois (BC), Michael Staveley Balance of Trade, 1901-1960 (Nfld) Exports, 1891-1960: Destination and Value; Commodities Imports, 1891-1960: Origin and Values; Commodities Maps Selected Exports, 1891-1960: Wheat and Flour; Newsprint Canada, 1891-1961 Selected Imports, 1891-1960: Machinery; Petroleum Two Views of Land in British Columbia: Gitskan and Wet'suwet'en Territories; Pre-Emptor's Map 4 Arctic Exploration Proposals for the Prairie Provinces, 1905 POPULATION COMPOSITION Newfoundland Joins Confederation: First Poll of the Referen- dum; Second Poll of the Referendum Donald Cartwright, Murdo MacPherson Graphs Regional Share of Territory: 1891; 1949 Maps Newfoundland Joins Confederation: The Final Results of the Ethnic Origin: 1901; 1931; 1961 Referendum Rural and Urban Population: 1901; 1931; 1961 The Bilingual Belt, 1961 Graphs Population Profile: 1901; 1931; 1961 Population Growth, 1891-1961 Major Ethnic Groups, 1901-1961 PART ONE THE GREAT TRANSFORMATION 1891-1929 National Economic Patterns 5 8 PRIMARY PRODUCTION WHOLESALE TRADE Marvin Mclnnis Donald Kerr, Gerald Bloomfield, G.E. Mills (lumber) Maps Maps Distribution of Primary Production, 1921 Dixon Brothers General Store, 1889 Agricultural Production: Prairie Provinces, 1921; Central Value of Wholesaling, 1930 Canada, 1891; Central Canada, 1921 Canadian Western Lumber Company, 1913 Graphs Imperial Oil Company, 1919 Production, 1891-1926: Forestry; Fishing; Agriculture; Massey-Harris Company Branch Territory Sales, 1892-1911 Mining Graphs Total Value of Agricultural Production, 1921 Wholesaling, 1930: Sales in Selected Cities; Sales by Type of Wholesaler; Net Sales in Selected Cities; Total Net Sales; 6 Sales by Establishments Imperial Oil Company Sales by Product, 1919 THE EXPANSION AND CONSOLIDATION OF Massey-Harris Company Sales, 1892-1911 RAILWAYS 9 Christopher Andreae FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS Maps Corporate Structure to 1960 Gunter Gad, William Code, Neil Quigley Expansion of the Railway Network to 1960 Maps Freight Traffic, ca 1932: Traffic Volume; Density by Region Changing Location of Bank Head Offices to 1931 Graphs The Insurance Industry, 1921 Corporate Connections, 1850-1960 Development of the National Branch System of Banks: 1890; Gross Revenue and Trackage, 1897-1960 1931 Construction of the First Main Track, 1848-1961 Loans and Deposits of the Bank of Nova Scotia, 1901-1926 Type of Freight, 1907-1960; Freight Rates Relative to Other Mortgage Loans of Life-Insurance Companies, 1921, 1928 Prices, 1890-1926; Freight Rates by Territory, 1880-1940; Graphs Grain and Flour Rates, 1886-1929 Assets of Financial Intermediaries, 1891-1931 Illustration The Ten Largest Banks by Assests, 1891-1931 Evolution of Corporate Emblems Bank Assets by Location of Head Office, 1891-1931 7 The Ten Largest Insurance Companies by Assets, 1891-1931 Insurance-Company Assets by Location of Head Office, 1891-1931 THE CHANGING STRUCTURE OF Nationality of Insurance Companies, 1891-1931 MANUFACTURING Structure of Banking, 1891-1931 Gerald Bloomfield, Michael Hinton (cotton), Ted Regehr (news- 10 print), Glen Williams (investment) Maps THE EMERGENCE OF THE URBAN SYSTEM Corporate Concentration in the Cotton Industry: 1885; 1892; 1912 James W. Simmons, Michael P. Conzen (railways), Donald Kerr The Emergence of Corporate Ownership in the Newsprint (telephones) Industry: 1925; 1930 Maps Manufacturing Production, 1890-1929 The Urban Network: 1891; 1921 Manufacturing Employment, 1929 Population Change, 1891-1921 American Branch Plants, 1913 The Long-Distance Telephone Network, 1888-1932 Production in the Motor-Vehicle Industry, 1929; Plant Size Telephone Connections from Montreal, 1888-1932 and Ownership: 1912; 1921 Graphs Total Capacity in the Cotton Industry, 1879-1912 Newsprint Production, 1918-1930; Capacity by Company, 1930 Origin of Capital Investment of Growth Industries, 1920 Production in the Motor-Vehicle Industry, 1908-1929; Production by Manufacturer, 1918-1929 Regional Dimensions of the Production System 11 15 RESOURCE-BASED INDUSTRIES IN CENTRAL THE EMERGENCE OF CORPORATE CANADA TORONTO Marvin Mclnnis Gunter Gad, Deryck W. Holds worth Maps Maps Production: 1891; 1926 Investment in Industrial Buildings, 1912 Cheese Factories and Creameries, Leeds and Grenville Central-Area Land Use: 1890; 1914 Counties, 1891 Expansion of Built-Up and Industrial Areas: 1890; 1923 Graphs Expansion of Eaton's and Simpson's, 1890-1930 Production and Export, 1891 and 1926: Vegetable Canning; Offices of Company Presidents, 1913 Butter Making; Pulp Milling; Meat Packing; Cheese Making; Offices of Banks and Law Firms: 1890; 1914 Sawmilling; Flour Milling; Milk Condensing (1926 only) Graphs Dominion Bank, 1911: National Employment 12 Toronto 'Plutocrats,' 1913: Presidencies and Directorships; Interlocking Directorships ELECTRICITY AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOP- Building Occupancy, King Street, South Side: 1890; 1914 Illustration MENT IN CENTRAL CANADA King Street, South Side: 1890; 1914 Gerald Bloomfield, Rene Hardy, Pierre Lanthier, Normand Seguin 16 Maps Major Electricity Transmission Systems: 1906; 1911; 1918; RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT ON THE SHIELD 1928 Growth of Manufacturing in the Niagara Region: 1904-1929; Susan L. Laskin Power Production and Industrial Consumption, 1929 Power and Industry in the Saint-Maurice Valley: 1910; 1930 Maps Hydroelectric Generating Capacity by Region, 1906-1928 Resource Development, 1928 Graphs The Sudbury Area Industrial Generating Capacity, 1901-1928 Plan of the 'Model Town' of Kapuskasing, August 1922 HEPCO Domestic-Service Rates, Southern Ontario, 1911-1925 Graphs Niagara Falls, Ontario: Power Generation and Exports, Head-Office Locations of Mining Companies on the Shield, 1911-1928 1926: Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec Power Ownership by Region, 1906-1928 Silver Shipments, 1904-1928 Gold Production: Porcupine Area, 1910-1928; Kirkland Lake 13 Area, 1912-1928; Canada, 1893-1928 Smelting in the Sudbury Area, 1892-1928 Sudbury and Copper Cliff, 1931: Ethnic Origin of URBAN INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN Population; Composition of the Work-Force CENTRAL CANADA Provincial Wood-Pulp Production, 1920-1928 Provincial Paper Production, 1922-1928 Elizabeth Bloomfield, Gerald Bloomfield, Marc Vallieres (Quebec) Illustration Maps A Northern Silver Mine, by Franklin Carmichael Manufacturing Production: 1905; 1915; 1929; Growth of 17 Manufacturing: 1890-1905; 1905-1915; 1915-1929 Industrialization in the Windsor Area: 1905; 1926-1927; Workplace and Residence of Ford Motor Company PEOPLING THE PRAIRIES Employees, 1926-1927 Industrialization in Berlin/Kitchener-Waterloo: 1897; 1927; William J. Carlyle, John C. Lehr, G.E. Mills (homesteaders' Workplace and Residence; 1897; 1927 shelter) Industrialization in Quebec, 1912; Workplace and Residence Maps of Employees in the Leather Industry, 1913 Population of the 'North West,' 1904 Graphs Ukrainian Settlement in Southern Manitoba, 1901 Regional Share of Manufacturing, 1890-1929 The Progress of Prairie Settlement, 1901-1931 Manufacturing Structure, 1911 Disposition of Land: Township 2, Range 3, West 2, 14 Saskatchewan Graphs Urban and Rural Population, 1891-1931 INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN MONTREAL Ethnic Origin, 1931 Illustrations Paul-Andre Linteau, Sylvie Taschereau Ukrainian Settlers' Houses Maps A Range of Shelter for Homesteaders The Process of Annexation, 1879-1918 Major Industrial Sites and Built-Up Area: 1879; 1915 Land Use in the Central Area, 1915 Graphs Growth of Manufacturing, 1880-1920 Population and the Building Cycle, 1871-1931 Montreal, 1921: Work-Force; Manufacturing Work-Force Illustration Montreal, 1889 18 22 PRAIRIE AGRICULTURE RESOURCE COMMUNITIES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA Philip D. Keddie, Simon M. Evans (ranching) Maps Robert Galois The Wheat Belt, 1931 Maps Improved Land, 1931 Fish Processing, Nass River, 1891-1928 Expansion of the Agricultural Frontier, 1906-1931 Mill Bay, 1913 Southeastern Saskatchewan, 1906: Agricultural Land; Rail- Land Use, Fraser Mills, 1931 ways and Towns The Nanaimo Coal Fields, 1891-1928 The Ranching Frontier: Origin of Leaseholders, 1886; Rail- Metal Mining, Phoenix, ca 1911 ways and the Open Range; Cattle Shipments, 1902; Cattle Graphs Shipments, 1910 Provinical Salmon Cannery, 1902-1928 Graph Seasonal Activity, Mill Bay Cannery, 1913 Expansion of Farmland in the Prairie Provinces, 1881-1931 Canadian Western Lumber Company, Fraser Mills, 1931: Ethnic Composition of the Town's Work-Force; Ethnic 19 Composition of the Company's Work-Force; Residence of the Caucasian Work-Force THE GRAIN-HANDLING SYSTEM Fatal Accidents, Vancouver Island Coal Mines, 1891-1928 Provincial Coal Production, 1891-1928 John C. Everitt, Donna Shimamura Everitt, Susan L. Laskin Phoenix, 1911: Ethnicity; Marital Status (the Lakehead) Tables Maps Mill Bay, 1913: Salmon Catch by Ethnic Group Waskada, Manitoba, 1916 Phoenix, 1911: Production by Mining Company Waskada Branch Line: 1916-1917; 1928-1929 Illustration Movement of Wheat, 1928-1929 Rawhide, Gold Drop, and Horseshoe Mines, Phoenix, 1909 Terminal Elevators at the Lakehead to 1929 23 Graphs The Cost of Moving a Bushel of Wheat from Saskatchewan to Liverpool, UK, 1925 SEA AND LIVELIHOOD IN ATLANTIC Monthly Wheat Prices, 1928-1929 CANADA Export Destination of Wheat, 1928-1929 The Major Elevator Companies, 1900-1961 Eric W. Sager, John J. Mannion (Point Lance) Growth of the Elevator Network, 1890-1960 Maps Ownership of Lakehead Elevators, 1902-1930 Fishermen and Their Catch, 1890 and 1900 20 Nets and Lobster Traps, 1900 Boats and Vessels, 1900 The Fisherman's Protective Union LAND DEVELOPMENT IN EDMONTON Sealing Disasters P.J. Smith Point Lance: A Newfoundland Outport, 1890-1920 Graphs Maps Fishermen as Percentage of Total Work-Force, 1891-1931 Subdivided and Developed Land, 1914 Fish Exports from the Maritimes, 1890-1925 Subdivisions in the Greater Edmonton Area, 1914 Newfoundland Salt Cod Exports, 1890-1949 Development in Garneau Neighbourhood to 1939 Newfoundland Seal-Products Exports, 1890-1929 Central Area Development, 1914 Table First Survey, Edmonton Settlement, 1882 Point Lance Fishery, 1884-1935 Municipal Boundary Changes to 1914 Illustrations The Streetcar Network to 1920 A Lunenburg Dory-Fishing Power Schooner Land Forfeited to the Municipality, 1920-1929 Trawl Dory-Rigged for Sailing Graph A Lunenburg Deep-Sea Fishing Schooner Edmonton Building Permits, 1905-1951 Nova Scotian Steam Trawler 21 24 BRITISH COLUMBIA RESOURCE INDUSTRIALIZATION AND THE MARITIMES DEVELOPMENT L.D. McCann Robert Galois Maps Maps Nova Scotia Steel and the Structure of Manufacturing, Resource Activity: 1891; 1912; 1928 1910-1911 Graphs New Brunswick Forest Industry: 1891; 1911; 1931 Value of Resources, 1891-1928 Metal Manufacturers in Pictou County: 1911; 1931 Type of Fishery, 1891-1928 Decline in Industrial Cape Breton: 1911; 1931 Salmon Canning by Region, 1891-1928 Change in Manufacturing Employment, 1920-1929 Water-Borne Salmon Shipments, 1923-1928 Metropolitan Outreach: 1881; 1911; 1931 Water-Borne Lumber Shipments, 1891-1928 Graphs Lumber Production, 1915-1928 The Labour Force, 1891, 1929 Type of Mining, 1891-1928 Major Corporate Changes in the Iron and Steel Industry to Coke and Coal Markets, 1891-1928 1926 Mining by Region, 1891-1928 New Brunswick Forest Industry: Production and Employment, 1891-1931 Branch Outlets in the Maritimes: 1891; 1911; 1931 25 26 PORT DEVELOPMENT IN HALIFAX THE GREAT WAR L.D. McCann Christopher A. Sharpe Maps Maps Halifax: 1896; 1912; 1926 Enlistment and Military Installations Halifax Area Imperial Munitions Board Contracts, 1915-1919 The Halifax Explosion, 1917 The Royal Newfoundland Regiment, Final Tally, St John's Proposed Harbour Development, 1913 Enlistment Graphs Canadian Military Hospitals and Cemeteries in Europe Labour Force: 1881; 1911; 1931 Casualties and Medical-Care Facilities Ship Traffic in Halifax Harbour, 1878-1926 Graphs Cargo Movement through Major Ports, 1890-1960 Victory Loan Campaigns, 1917-1918 Illustration Canadian Patriotic Fund, 1914-1919 The City of Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1890 (detail) Provincial Share of Manufacturing and War Trade, 1915 Casualty Rates of Selected Battalions Military Service Act, 1917: Defaulted Revenue and Public Debt, 1900-1939 Taxes, 1915-1939 Casualties of CEF Canada and CEF Overseas Fatalities of CEF Overseas Canadian Society during the Great Transformation 27 30 MIGRATION THE SOCIAL LANDSCAPE OF MONTREAL, 1901 Marvin Mclnnis Sherry Olson, David Hanna Maps Maps The Move to the West, 1891-1914; Origin and Destination of Concentration of Skilled Workers Ontario Migrants to the Prairies, 1900-1911 Median Rent by Street Immigration, 1896-1914 Linguistic Origin Immigration to the Prairies, 1896-1914 Graphs Canadians Living in the United States, 1930 Rental and Occupational Profile along Mountain Street Graphs Montreal Rent Distribution Centred on Saint-Laurent Immigration to Canada, 1891-1961 Boulevard Asian Immigration, 1891-1931 Selected Occupations and Rent Classes Origin of American Homesteaders on the Prairies, 1890-1914 Illustration Distribution of Immigrant Population, 1921 A Scale of Living Space Canadians Moving to the United States, 1890-1914 31 28 WINNIPEG: A DIVIDED CITY ELEMENTS OF POPULATION CHANGE Daniel J. Hiebert Marvin Mclnnis Maps Maps Population by Ethnic Origin and Place of Residence: The Demographic Change: 1891-1901, 1901-1911, 1911-1921, North End, 1891-1921; Winnipeg and St Boniface, 1921 1921-1931 Ethnic Institutions, 1921 Net Migration: 1891-1901, 1901-1911, 1911-1921, 1921-1931 Infant Mortality Rates by Section, 1921 Graph Deaths from Pneumonia and Influenza, November 1918 Regional Net Migration, 1891-1961 Occupation and Income, 1921 Urban Growth and Land Use 29 Graphs Population of Winnipeg and St Boniface: Place of Birth, THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION 1891-1921; Ethnic Origin, 1886-1921 Socio-Economic Distribution by Ethnic Origin, 1921 Marvin Mclnnis Maps Marital Fertility, 1891 Change in Marital Fertility, 1891-1931 Infant Mortality, 1891 Change in Infant Mortality, 1891-1931 Graphs International Decline in Fertility, 1890-1930 Marital Fertility and Infant Mortality, 1891 and 1931 International Decline in Infant Mortality, 1890-1930