The Project Gutenberg eBook, Historic Shrines of America, by John T. (John Thomson) Faris This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Historic Shrines of America Being the Story of One Hundred and Twenty Historic Buildings and the Pioneers Who Made Them Notable Author: John T. (John Thomson) Faris Release Date: March 6, 2012 [eBook #39068] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 ***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORIC SHRINES OF AMERICA*** E-text prepared by Melissa McDaniel and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made available by Internet Archive (http://www.archive.org) Note: Images of the original pages are available through Internet Archive. See http://www.archive.org/details/historicshrines00faririch Cover Historic Shrines of America BY JOHN T. FARIS Photo by Ph. B. Wallace Independence Hall INDEPENDENCE HALL, REAR VIEW, PHILADELPHIA HISTORIC SHRINES OF AMERICA BEING THE STORY OF ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY HISTORIC BUILDINGS AND THE PIONEERS WHO MADE THEM NOTABLE BY JOHN T. FARIS Member of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania and Fellow of the American Geographical Society Author of "Real Stories from Our History," "Old Roads Out of Philadelphia," etc. ILLUSTRATED NEW YORK GEORGE H. DORAN COMPANY Copyright, 1918, By George H. Doran Company Printed in the United States of America FOREWORD Circular tours have long been popular in England. There was a time—as there will be a time again—when American visitors felt that to make the rounds of the cathedral towns or the historic castles or the homes and haunts of great men and women, was a necessary part of seeing the tight little island. "What a pity it is that we in America have no such wealth of historic places," one returning tourist was heard to remark. "Oh, of course, there are a few spots like Independence Hall and Concord and Lexington," he went on, "but there are not enough of them to make it worth while to plan a tour such as those in which we have taken delight in England." It was easy to point out to the traveler his mistake; most Americans know that the country is rich in places of historic interest. Just how rich it is they may not realize until they make a serious study of the landmarks of their own land, as does the European tourist of the centers noted in his guidebook. In fact, there are in America so many houses, churches, and other buildings having a vital connection with our history that volumes would be required to tell of them all. Even a brief record of the buildings whose owners or occupants played a conspicuous part in the early history of the country would fill a large book. It is fascinating to learn of these houses and public buildings and to delve into the biographies which tell what happened to the people who lived in them. Fiction seems tame after connecting, for instance, the story of Alexander Hamilton and Elizabeth Schuyler with the Ford Mansion and the Campfield House at Morristown, New Jersey, then with the Schuyler Mansion in Albany, New York, and The Grange in New York City. The heart of the patriot burns with new love for his country as he reads of Faneuil Hall and the Old South Church and Carpenters' Hall. The story of the Revolution is clothed with living interest when Washington and his generals are followed to Valley Forge and Newburgh and Cambridge and Morristown and Princeton. Fresh appreciation of the sacrifice of the pioneers comes from going with them into the garrison houses of New England, along the Wilderness Road in Kentucky, to the settlements on the Ohio, or to the banks of the Wabash where more than one Indian treaty was made. Next comes the keen pleasure of visiting the houses and churches which, through the piecing together of these facts, have become like familiar friends. The vacation journey that includes a careful study of a few of these buildings becomes a fascinating course in patriotism. It is the purpose of the author of "Historic Shrines of America" to tell just enough about each of one hundred and twenty of these buildings of historic interest to create a hunger for more; to present pictures sufficiently attractive to make those who turn the pages of the book determine to visit the places described; to arrange the brief chapters in such sequence that it will be possible for the reader to plan for successive vacations a series of journeys through the centers where historic buildings may be found, and, in doing this, to pass by so many structures of interest that the reader and the tourist will have abundant opportunity to discover houses and churches of which he will say, "I wonder why this was not included." v vi vii CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE ONE: IN THE LAND OF THE PILGRIMS I The Old State House, Boston, Massachusetts 19 II Paul Revere's House, Boston, Massachusetts 23 III Faneuil Hall, Boston, Massachusetts 28 IV Three Historic Churches of Boston 32 V Elmwood, Cambridge, Massachusetts 36 VI The Craigie House, Cambridge, Massachusetts 40 VII The Adams Houses, Quincy, Massachusetts 44 VIII The Quincy Mansion, Quincy, Massachusetts 49 IX Fernside Farm, Haverhill, Massachusetts 54 X The Duston Garrison House, Haverhill, Massachusetts 56 XI The Old Manse and the Wayside, Concord, Massachusetts 61 XII The Royall House, Medford, Massachusetts 66 XIII Broadhearth and the Bennet-Boardman House, Saugus, Massachusetts 69 XIV The Colonel Jeremiah Lee House, Marblehead, Massachusetts 72 XV The Old South Church, Newburyport, Massachusetts 75 XVI The First Baptist Church, Providence, Rhode Island 80 TWO: WHERE PATROONS AND KNICKERBOCKERS FLOURISHED XVII The Morris-Jumel Mansion, New York City 87 XVIII The Philipse Manor House, Yonkers, New York 91 XIX St. Paul's Chapel, New York City 95 XX Fraunces' Tavern, New York City 97 XXI The Grange, New York City 100 XXII The Van Cortlandt House, New York City 104 XXIII The Hasbrouck House, Newburgh, New York 106 THREE: ACROSS THE JERSEYS WITH THE PATRIOTS XXIV The Franklin Palace, Perth Amboy, New Jersey 115 XXV The Church at Caldwell, New Jersey 119 XXVI Old Tennent Church, Freehold, New Jersey 122 XXVII The Ford Mansion, Morristown, New Jersey 126 XXVIII Nassau Hall, Princeton, New Jersey 130 XXIX Three Historic Houses at Princeton, New Jersey 134 XXX The Springfield Meeting House, New Jersey 138 FOUR: RAMBLES ABOUT THE CITY OF BROTHERLY LOVE XXXI The Letitia Penn House, Philadelphia 145 XXXII Carpenters' Hall, Philadelphia 149 XXXIII St. Peter's Church, Philadelphia 153 XXXIV Cliveden, Germantown, Philadelphia 156 XXXV Old Pine Street Church, Philadelphia 159 XXXVI Independence Hall, Philadelphia 162 XXXVII The David Rittenhouse Home, near Philadelphia 170 XXXVIII The Headquarters at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania 174 XXXIX Three Headquarters of Washington 178 XL Sweetbrier-on-the-Schuylkill, Philadelphia 183 XLI Mill Grove and Fatlands, near Philadelphia 187 ix x XLII Waynesborough, near Paoli, Pennsylvania 192 XLIII The Moravian Church, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 196 FIVE: OVER THE MASON AND DIXON LINE XLIV Historic Landmarks at New Castle, Delaware 203 XLV The Ridgely House, Dover, Delaware 208 XLVI Rehoboth Church on the Pocomoke, Maryland 211 XLVII Doughoregan Manor, near Ellicott City, Maryland 216 XLVIII The Upton Scott House, Annapolis, Maryland 220 XLIX The Capitol at Washington 225 L The White House, Washington 230 LI The Octagon House, Washington 234 SIX: HOMES AND HAUNTS OF THE CAVALIERS LII Mount Vernon, Virginia 241 LIII Arlington, Virginia 246 LIV Christ Church, Alexandria, Virginia 249 LV The Mary Washington House, Fredericksburg, Virginia 251 LVI Greenway and Sherwood Forest, Virginia 257 LVII Two Historic Courthouses of Virginia 262 LVIII St. John's Church, Richmond 266 LIX The Nelson House and the Moore House, Yorktown, Virginia 270 LX The John Marshall House, Richmond, Virginia 274 LXI Five Old Houses of Tidewater, Virginia 278 LXII Gunston Hall, Virginia 281 LXIII The Washington College Building, Lexington, Virginia 285 LXIV Bruton Parish Church, Williamsburg, Virginia 288 LXV William and Mary College, Williamsburg, Virginia 291 LXVI The Monumental Church, Richmond, Virginia 294 LXVII Montpelier, Orange County, Virginia 296 LXVIII Oak Hill, Loudoun County, Virginia 301 LXIX Red Hill, Charlotte County, Virginia 305 LXX Pohick Church, Truro Parish, Virginia 311 LXXI Mount Airy, Richmond County, Virginia 314 LXXII Two of Virginia's Oldest Church Buildings 318 LXXIII Monticello, near Charlottesville, Virginia 322 LXXIV The University of Virginia at Charlottesville, Virginia 326 SEVEN: THROUGH THE SUNNY SOUTH LXXV Three Old Churches in Charleston, South Carolina 333 LXXVI The House of Rebecca Motte, Charleston, South Carolina 336 LXXVII The Independent Church, Savannah, Georgia 340 LXXVIII The Cabildo of New Orleans 343 LXXIX The Alamo, San Antonio, Texas 347 LXXX The Hermitage, Nashville, Tennessee 351 LXXXI Ashland, Lexington, Kentucky 355 LXXXII Sportsman's Hall, Whitley's Station, Kentucky 359 LXXXIII White Haven, near St. Louis, Missouri 362 xi xii EIGHT: ALL THE WAY BACK TO NEW ENGLAND LXXXIV The Abraham Lincoln House, Springfield, Illinois 369 LXXXV The Governor's Palace at Vincennes, Indiana 374 LXXXVI The House of General Rufus Putnam, Marietta, Ohio 377 LXXXVII Monument Place, Elm Grove, West Virginia 381 LXXXVIII The Castle at Fort Niagara, New York 386 LXXXIX The Schuyler Mansion, Albany, New York 391 XC The Wentworth House, Portsmouth, New Hampshire 395 XCI The Wadsworth Longfellow House, Portland, Maine 400 Bibliography 407 Index 411 ILLUSTRATIONS Independence Hall, Rear View, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Frontispiece PAGE Old State House, Boston, Massachusetts 25 Paul Revere House, Boston, Massachusetts 26 Hancock-Clarke House, Lexington, Massachusetts 26 Old North Church, Boston, Massachusetts 34 Old South Church, Boston, Massachusetts 35 Craigie House, Cambridge, Massachusetts 48 Fernside Farm, Haverhill, Massachusetts 48 Duston Garrison House, Haverhill, Massachusetts 49 Royall House, Medford, Massachusetts 49 Broadhearth, Saugus, Massachusetts 70 Bennet-Boardman House, Saugus, Massachusetts 70 Old South Church, Newburyport, Massachusetts 71 Morris-Jumel House, New York City 97 Philipse Manor House, Yonkers, New York 97 Fraunces' Tavern, New York City 98 Van Cortlandt House, New York City 98 The Franklin Palace, Perth Amboy, New Jersey 121 Old Tennent Church, Freehold, New Jersey 121 Nassau Hall and the First President's House, Princeton, New Jersey 122 Morven, Princeton, New Jersey 122 Letitia Penn House, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 146 St. Peter's Protestant Episcopal Church, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 147 Cliveden, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 160 Third (Old Pine Street) Presbyterian Church, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 160 David Rittenhouse's House, Norriton, Pennsylvania 161 Dawesfield, near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 161 Emlen House, near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 179 Fatlands, near Phoenixville, Pennsylvania 179 Waynesborough, Paoli, Pennsylvania 180 Moravian Church, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 180 Amstel House, New Castle, Delaware 205 Doorway of Amstel House, New Castle, Delaware 205 xiii xv xvi Hall of Read House, New Castle, Delaware 205 Doorway of Rodney House, New Castle, Delaware 206 Doorway of Stewart House, New Castle, Delaware 206 Doorway of Read House, New Castle, Delaware 206 Doorway of Presbyterian Church, New Castle, Delaware 206 Immanuel Church, New Castle, Delaware 217 Ridgely House, Dover, Delaware 218 Doughoregan Manor, near Ellicott City, Maryland 218 Upton Scott House, Annapolis, Maryland 233 Octagon House, Washington, D. C. 233 The Stairway, Octagon House, Washington, D. C. 234 Mount Vernon, Virginia, Rear View 244 Arlington, Virginia 244 Christ Church, Alexandria, Virginia 245 Mary Washington's House, Fredericksburg, Virginia 262 Hanover Court House, Virginia 262 St. John's Church, Richmond, Virginia 263 Nelson House, Yorktown, Virginia 263 Westover on the James, Virginia 282 Gunston Hall on the Potomac, Virginia 282 Washington College Building, Lexington, Virginia 283 Bruton Parish Church, Williamsburg, Virginia 283 Monumental Church, Richmond, Virginia 314 Pohick Church, Virginia 314 Mount Airy, Richmond County, Virginia 315 University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 315 Independent Presbyterian Church, Savannah, Georgia 336 Pringle House, Charleston, South Carolina 337 The Cabildo, New Orleans, Louisiana 337 The Hermitage, Nashville, Tennessee 352 Ashland, Lexington, Kentucky 352 Sportsman's Hall, Whitley's Station, Kentucky 353 White Haven, St. Louis, Missouri 353 Abraham Lincoln's House, Springfield, Illinois 370 William Henry Harrison's House, Vincennes, Indiana 370 Rufus Putnam's House, Marietta, Ohio 371 The Schuyler Mansion, Albany, New York 371 Wentworth House, Portsmouth, New Hampshire 394 Warner House, Portsmouth, New Hampshire 394 Wadsworth Longfellow House, Portland, Maine 395 ONE: IN THE LAND OF THE PILGRIMS The riches of the Commonwealth Are free, strong minds, and hearts of health; And more to her than gold or grain, The cunning hand and cultured brain. For well she keeps her ancient stock, xvii Photo by Halliday Historic Photograph Company, Boston The stubborn strength of Pilgrim Rock; And still maintains, with milder laws, And clearer light, the Good Old Cause! Nor heeds the skeptic's puny hands, While near her school the church-spire stands; Nor fears the blinded bigot's rule, While near her church-spire stands the school. —John Greenleaf Whittier. ONE: IN THE LAND OF THE PILGRIMS Old State House OLD STATE HOUSE, BOSTON I THE OLD STATE HOUSE, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS FROM WHOSE BALCONY THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE WAS PROCLAIMED Thirty-three years after Captain John Smith sailed into Boston Harbor, the first Town House was built. This was in 1657. The second Town House, which was built on the same site, was erected in 1712. In 1748 the third Town House, later the Old State House, followed the structure of 1712, the outer walls of the old building being used in the new. Since 1689, when Governor Andros' tyranny was overthrown, the old building has been in the thick of historic events. How it figured in the Boston Massacre was shown by John Tudor in his diary. He wrote: "March, 1770. On Monday evening the 5th current, a few Minutes after 9 o'clock a most horrid murder 19 20 was committed in King Street before the custom house Door by 8 or 9 Soldiers under the Command of Capt. Thos Preston of the Main Guard on the South side of the Town House. This unhappy affair began by Some Boys & young fellows throwing Snow Balls at the sentry placed at the Custom house Door. On which 8 or 9 Soldiers Came to his Assistance. Soon after a Number of people collected, when the Capt commanded the Soldiers to fire, which they did and 3 Men were Kil'd on the Spot & several Mortaly Wounded, one of which died next Morning.... Leut Governor Hutchinson, who was Commander in Chiefe, was sent for & Came to the Council Chamber, where some of the Magustrates attended. The Governor desired the Multitude about 10 O'Clock to sepperat & to go home peaceable & he would do all in his power that Justice should be done &c. The 29 Regiment being then under Arms on the south side of the Townhouse, but the people insisted that the Soldiers should be ordered to their Barracks first before they would sepperat. Which being done the people sepperated aboute 1 O'Clock." Next day the people met in Faneuil Hall, and demanded the immediate removal of the troops. The demand being refused, they met again at Faneuil Hall, but adjourned to Old South Church, since the larger hall was required to accommodate the aroused citizens. A new committee, headed by Samuel Adams, sought Hutchinson in the Council Chamber of the Town House, and secured his permission to remove the troops without delay. The next event of note in the history of the old building was the public reading there of the Declaration of Independence on July 18, 1776, in accordance with the message of John Hancock, President of the Continental Congress, who asked that it be proclaimed "in such a mode that the people may be impressed by it." Abigail Adams told in a letter to her husband, John Adams, of the reading: "I went with the multitude to King street to hear the Declaration Proclamation for Independence read and proclaimed.... Great attention was given to every word.... Thus ends royal Authority in the state." A British prisoner on parole, who was an invited guest at the reading of the Declaration, wrote a detailed narrative of the events of the day, in the Town Hall, in which he said: "Exactly as the clock struck one, Colonel Crafts, who occupied the chair, rose and, silence being obtained, read aloud the declaration, which announced to the world that the tie of allegiance and protection, which had so long held Britain and her North American colonies together, was forever separated. This being finished, the gentlemen stood up, and each, repeating the words as they were spoken by an officer, swore to uphold, at the sacrifice of life, the rights of his country. Meanwhile the town clerk read from the balcony the Declaration of Independence to the crowd; at the close of which, a Shout began in the hall, passed like an electric spark to the streets, which rang with loud huzzas, the slow and measured boom of Cannon, and the rattle of musketry." Thirteen years later, when Washington visited Boston, he passed through a triumphal arch to the State House. In his diary he told of what followed his entrance to the historic building: "Three cheers was given by a vast concourse of people, Who, by this time, had assembled at the Arch— then followed an ode composed in honor of the President; and well sung by a band of select singers—After this three cheers—followed by the different Professions and Mechanics in the order they were drawn up, with their colors, through a lane of the people which had thronged about the arch under which they passed." The ode sung that day was as follows: "General Washington, the hero's come, Each heart exulting hears the sound; See, thousands their deliverer throng, And shout his welcome all around. Now in full chorus bursts the song, And shout the deeds of Washington." The Old State House was near destruction in 1835, as a result of the uproar that followed the attempt of William Lloyd Garrison to make an abolition address in the hall next door to the office of the Liberator, whose editor he was. A furious crowd demanded his blood, and he was persuaded to retire. Later the doors of the Liberator office where he had taken refuge were broken down, and, after a chase, the hunted man was seized and dragged to the rear of the Old State House, then used as the City Hall and Post-office. The mayor rescued him from the mob, which was talking of hanging him, and carried him into the State House. The threats of the outwitted people became so loud that it was feared the building would be destroyed and that Garrison would be killed. As soon as possible, therefore, he was spirited away to the Leverett Street jail. For many years, until 1882, the Old State House was used for business purposes, after previous service as Town House, City Hall, Court House, and State House. It is now used as a historical museum by the Bostonian Society. The historic halls within the building have the same walls and ceilings as when the old house was erected in 1748. For many years the exterior was covered with unsightly paint, but this has been scraped off, and the brick walls gleam red as in former days. 21 22 Photo by Halliday Historic Photograph Company Paul Revere House PAUL REVERE HOUSE, BOSTON II PAUL REVERE'S HOUSE, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS WHERE THE MERCURY OF THE REVOLUTION LIVED AND TOILED "Take three fourths of a Paine that makes Traitors Confess (RAC) With three parts of a place which the Wicked don't Bless (HEL) Joyne four sevenths of an Exercise which shop-keepers use (WALK) Add what Bad Men do, when they good actions refuse (ER) These four added together with great care and Art Will point out the Fair One that is nearest my Heart." Thus wrote Paul Revere, the Boston goldsmith, on the back of a bill to Mr. Benjamin Greene for "Gold buttons," "Mending a Spoon," and "Two pr. of Silver Shoe Buckles," which was made out one day in 1773 in the old house in North Square, built in 1676. To this house he planned to lead as his second wife Rachel Walker; his eight children needed a mother's care, and he wanted some one to share the joys and the burdens of his life. Before his first marriage, in 1757, he had served as a second lieutenant in a company of artillery, in the expedition against Crown Point. Soldiering was succeeded by work at his trade of goldsmith and silversmith, learned from his father. He was a skilled engraver; most of the silverware made in Boston at this period testified to his ability. Later, when the rising patriotic tide seemed to call for lithographs and broadsides, he engraved these on copper with eager brain and active hand. He began his patriotic work as a member of the secret order The Sons of Liberty, which had organizations in nearly all the colonies, held frequent meetings, and laid plans for resisting the encroachments of Great Britain. Once, when some three hundred of these Sons dined at Dorchester, Paul Revere was present, as well as Samuel Adams, John Adams, and John Hancock. It was necessary to have a trusted messenger to carry tidings of moment from place to place, and Paul Revere was one of those chosen for the purpose. His first important ride was at the time of the destruction of the tea in Boston harbor. He had a leading part in bringing together the patriots who gathered on November 29, 1773, first at Faneuil Hall, then at Old South Meeting House, to protest against the landing of the tea from the ship Dartmouth, and he was one of the men who, on December 16, in Indian disguise, threw £18,000 worth of tea into the harbor. In preparation for the rallying of the men of the tea party at the "Green Dragon," the following ditty was composed: "Rally Mohawks! bring out your axes, And tell King George we'll pay no taxes On his foreign tea. His threats are vain, and vain to think To force our girls and wives to drink 23 24 His vile Bohea! Then rally boys, and hasten on To meet our chief at the Green Dragon. "Old Warren's there, and bold Revere, With hands to do, and words to cheer, For liberty and laws; Our country's brave and free defenders Shall ne'er be left by true North-Enders Fighting Freedoms cause! Then rally boys, and hasten on To meet our chiefs at the Green Dragon." Of the work done by the Mohawks on that December night John Adams wrote on December 17, 1773, "This Destruction of the Tea is so bold, so daring, so firm, intrepid, and inflexible, and it must have so important Consequences, and so lasting, that I can't but consider it as an Epoch in History." The enactment of the Boston Port Bill was the cause of Revere's next ride. A meeting of citizens in Boston decided to ask the other colonies "to come into a joint resolution to stop all importation from, and exportation to, Great Britain and every part of the West Indies till the act be repealed," in the thought that this would "prove the salvation of North America and her liberties." These resolutions were given to Paul Revere by the selectmen of Boston, and he was urged to ride with all speed to New York and Philadelphia. On May 30, 1774, the Essex Gazette told of the return of the messenger, and announced, "Nothing can exceed the indignation with which our brethren of Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York and Philadelphia have received this proof of Ministerial madness. They universally declare their resolution to stand by us to the last extremity." Four months later another ride to Philadelphia was taken, to carry to the Continental Congress the Suffolk Resolves. Six days only were taken for the journey. When Congress learned of the protest in New England against the principle "that Parliament had the right to legislate for the colonies in all cases whatsoever," there was no question that a new nation was ready for birth. "I think I may assure you, that America will make a point of supporting Boston to the utmost," Samuel Adams wrote, the day after Revere's message was read. Once more during the historic year 1774 the Boston silversmith turned aside from his shop long enough to ride to Portsmouth, New Hampshire, to give information of the prohibition by Great Britain of further importations of gunpowder, and to tell of the coming of a large garrison to Fort William and Mary at Portsmouth. The immediate result of the ride was the sending of a party of four hundred patriots against the fort, which surrendered at once. Little attention has been paid to this event by historians, yet it was one of the most potent of the events preceding the Revolution. One hundred barrels of gunpowder were seized at the fort, and this was a large part of the ammunition used later at Bunker Hill. Then came April 18, 1775, the date of "that memorable ride, not only the most brilliant, but the most important single exploit in our national annals." The Provincial Congress and the Committee of Safety were in session at Concord. General Warren had remained in Boston to watch the movements of the British, and Revere had been holding himself in readiness to carry tidings as soon as there was anything of importance to be told. Now word was to be sent to John Hancock and Samuel Adams, who were at the residence of Rev. Mr. Clarke at Lexington, "that a number of soldiers were marching towards the bottom of the Common, ... and that it was thought they were the objects of the movement." Revere had foreseen the necessity for the ride, and, fearing that he might not be able to cross the Charles River, or get over Boston Neck, had arranged with patriots in Charleston that two "lanthorns" would be shown in the North Church steeple if the British went out by water, and one if they went by land. On the night of April 18 Revere was rowed by two friends across Charles River, passing almost under the guns of the Somerset. After conferring with the Charleston patriots, who had seen the signals, he secured a horse, and started toward Lexington, proceeding with extreme care, because he had been told that ten mounted British officers had been seen going up the road. Once he was chased by two British officers. At Medford he awakened the captain of the minute men. "After that I alarmed almost every house till I got to Lexington," the patriot rider later told the story. Messrs. Hancock and Adams were aroused. Then Revere went on to Concord, accompanied by two others, that the stores might be secured. Once more residents by the roadside were awakened. He himself was soon surrounded by four mounted British soldiers, but his companions were able to proceed. After a time he was released by his captors, and he made his way to the Clarke house, where Hancock and Adams still were. 25 26 27 Photo by Halliday Historic Photograph Company Hancock-Clarke House HANCOCK-CLARKE HOUSE, LEXINGTON, MASS. Thus the way was prepared for Concord and Lexington. That the patriots were not taken by surprise, and the stores at Concord taken, as the British had hoped, was due to the courage and resourcefulness of Paul Revere. Revere's rides as messenger did not end his services to the colonists. In 1775 he engraved the plates and printed the bills of the paper money of Massachusetts, and later he built and operated a powder mill. He was made lieutenant- colonel of State artillery, and took part in the unfortunate Penobscot expedition out of which grew the charges of which he was triumphantly acquitted by the court-martial held at his own request. The old house in North Square was the home of the Revere family until about 1795. III FANEUIL HALL, BOSTON "THE CRADLE OF AMERICAN LIBERTY" Andrew Faneuil was one of the Huguenots who fled from France as a result of the Edict of Nantes. By way of Holland he came to Boston. It is a matter of official record that on February 1, 1691, he was admitted by the Governor and Council of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Within a few years the refugee was looked upon as a leader both in the French church and in business. Copies of invoices of merchandise consigned to him show that he was a dealer in all kinds of supplies of food, household furnishings, and dress goods. When he died, in 1738, the Boston News Letter said that "1,100 persons of all Ranks, beside the Mourners," followed the body to the grave. "And 'tis supposed that as the Gentleman's fortune was the greatest of any among us, so his funeral was the most generous and expensive of any that has been known here." Peter Faneuil, the heir and successor to the fortune and business of his uncle, was a shrewd business man who knew how to make the most of his opportunities. But he took time to think and plan for his fellow-townsmen. He was disturbed because there was no adequate public market in Boston, and he was not discouraged by the fact that numerous attempts to establish such a convenience had been received with hostility by the people, especially the farmers, who felt that they would have a better chance to sell from house to house on any day than in a fixed place on a set day. His proposition to provide the market by gift to the town stirred up a spirited controversy. At a town meeting called to consider the proposition, held on July 14, 1740, the attendance was so large that the company adjourned to the Brattle Street Meeting House. There the people set themselves to consider the proposition of Peter Faneuil, who "hath been generously pleased to offer at his own cost and charge to erect and build a noble and complete structure or edifice to be improved for a 28 29 market, for the sole use, benefit and advantage of the town, provided that the town of Boston would pass a vote for the purpose, and lay the same under such proper regulation as shall be thought necessary, and constantly support it for the said use." The gift had a narrow escape from the 727 voters who cast the ballots. The majority in favor of accepting the market was only seven! The average giver would have been discouraged by such a reception; but Peter Faneuil, on the contrary, did more than he had proposed. When the selectmen were told in August, 1742—seven months before Faneuil's death—that the building was ready, there was not only a market house, but above it a hall for town meetings and other gatherings. By action of the meeting called to accept the building the hall over the market was named Faneuil Hall. "I hope that what I have done will be of service to the whole country," was the donor's response to this graceful act. At once the Hall became a Boston institution. The town offices were removed to the building, town meetings were held there, and a series of public concerts was given in it. The market, however, was not popular. The fire of January 13, 1761, destroyed the interior of the building. The money for rebuilding was raised by a lottery. Faneuil Hall began its career as a national institution on August 27, 1765, when the voters, in mass meeting, denounced the lawless acts of "Persons unknown" by which they had shown their hatred of the iniquitous Stamp Act. At a second meeting, held on September 12, the voters instructed their Representatives "as to their conduct at this very alarming crisis." "The genuine Sons of Liberty" gathered in the Hall March 18, 1767, that they might rejoice together because of the repeal of the Stamp Act. The Boston Gazette reported that "a large company of the principal inhabitants crowded that spacious apartment, and with loud huzzas, and repeated acclamations at each of the twenty-five toasts, saluted the glorious and memorable heroes of America, particularly those who distinguished themselves in the cause of Liberty, which was ever growing under the iron hand of oppression." What has been called "perhaps the most dramatic scene in all history" was staged in this Cradle of Liberty on the day after the Boston Massacre, March 6, 1770. The crowd was so large that it was necessary to adjourn to Old South before action could be taken requesting the governor to withdraw the troops whose presence had led to the massacre. Then came the tea meetings. The first of these was held in the Hall on November 5, 1773. At this meeting committees were appointed to wait on the several persons to whom tea had been consigned by the East India Company, "and in the name of the town to request them from a regard to their character, and to the peace and good order of the town, immediately to resign their trust." The response made to these committees and to subsequent tea meetings was unsatisfactory, and on December 16 a number of disguised citizens gathered at the waterfront and held the "Boston Tea Party." The occupation of Boston by the British interrupted the Faneuil Hall town meetings, but soon after the evacuation of the city the people turned their steps thither for public gatherings of many sorts. Fortunately the building had not been seriously injured. When Washington entered the city he spoke with feeling of the safety of the structure that had meant so much to the people. It was fitting that, in the stirring days that preceded the War of 1812, meetings to protest against the acts of Great Britain should be held here. Historic gatherings followed during this war, as also during the War of 1861-65. Three times Faneuil Hall has been rebuilt since its donor turned it over to his fellow-citizens. The first reconstruction came after the fire. In 1806 the building was enlarged and improved. Again in 1898 it was completely rebuilt and made fireproof, though, wherever possible, original materials were used. While it is much larger than in the early days, the general appearance is so similar that the structure would be recognized by such an ardent lover of the early structure as Lafayette, who, when he was in Boston in 1824, said: "May Faneuil Hall ever stand, a monument to teach the world that resistance to oppression is a duty, and will under true republican institutions become a blessing." 30 31 32 Photo by Halliday Historic Photograph Company Old North Church OLD NORTH CHURCH, BOSTON IV THREE HISTORIC CHURCHES OF BOSTON THE STORY OF OLD NORTH, OLD SOUTH, AND KING'S CHAPEL The First Church of Boston would have been large enough for all its members for many years longer than they worshipped together, if they had been of one mind politically. But the differences that separated people in England in the troublous days of Charles I were repeated in Boston. For this reason some of the members of the First Church thought they would be better off by themselves, and in 1650 they organized the Second Church. Later the church became known as North Church, by reason of its location. As it grew older the name Old North was applied to it. From its organization Old North became known as the church of spirited reformers, a real school for patriots. Increase Mather, one of its early pastors, was responsible for developing and directing the peculiar genius of its organization. At the time of the Revolution the British officers spoke of the church as "a nest of traitors." Many mass meetings to protest against the acts of Great Britain were held in this church. The corporation used it for a time as a fire house and a public arsenal, and when signals were given by the direction of Paul Revere on the night of his famous ride the lanterns were hung in the steeple of Old North. The original building of 1652 was burned in 1673. The second building was also burned, but by the British, who tore it down and used it for firewood during the cold winter of the occupation of the city. After the destruction of the building the members of New Brick Church, an offshoot of Old North, invited the congregation to worship with them. The invitation was accepted, and soon the congregations came together, under the name Old North. The building occupied ever since by the reunited congregation was erected in 1723. Ralph Waldo Emerson served as pastor and conducted services in this structure. In 1669 there were many earnest people who felt that the teachings of the older church were not liberal enough for them, and they decided to have a church after their own heart. They felt that all who had been baptized might be citizens of the town; they were unwilling to be associated longer with those who insisted, as the General Synod of Massachusetts recommended, that all citizens must be church members, as formerly. So permission to organize was asked of the other churches. On their refusal appeal was taken to the Governor. The next appeal, to the selectmen of 33