Historic Context Report and Historic Preservation Plan for World War II Defensive Accessory Facilities Building Types Assessment: Splinterproof Shelters and Gun Emplacements Prepared for: COMMANDER, NAVY REGION HAWAII And NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMAND, PACIFIC November 2004 Historic Context Report and Historic Preservation Plan for World War II Defensive Accessory Facilities Building Types Assessment: Splinterproof Shelters and Gun Emplacements Prepared for: COMMANDER, NAVY REGION HAWAII Prepared by: Mason Architects, Inc. Helber Hastert & Fee Planners Under contract to: NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMAND, PACIFIC Contract Number N62742-03-D-1832 November 2004 Pearl Harbor World War II Defensive Accessory Facilities Building Types Assessment Table of Contents Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................................................................................................................................i Abbreviations and Acronyms.......................................................................................................................................................................................iii Index by Facility............................................................................................................................................................................................................v List of Figures..............................................................................................................................................................................................................vii List of Tables ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................xx CHAPTER 1: HISTORIC CONTEXT REPORT CHAPTER 1.1: HAWAII’S DEFENSE HISTORY A.ACTIVE DEFENSE.....................................................................................................................................................................................1.1-1 B. PASSIVE DEFENSE....................................................................................................................................................................................1.1-2 C. DECEMBER 7,1941..................................................................................................................................................................................1.1-3 D. POST-DECEMBER7,1941.........................................................................................................................................................................1.1-4 CHAPTER 1.2: ACTIVE DEFENSE A.ACTIVE ANTIAIRCRAFT DEFENSES..........................................................................................................................................................1.2-1 B. KNOWN ROOFTOP GUN ENCLOSURES AT PEARL HARBOR i. Bombproof Buildings...............................................................................................................................................................1.2-14 ii. Other Building Types..............................................................................................................................................................1.2-16 C.GUNS USED IN EMPLACEMENT TYPES....................................................................................................................................................1.2-18 D. GUN EMPLACEMENT DESCRIPTIONS i. Octagonal with Single Ammunition Shed................................................................................................................................1.2-25 ii. Airfield Defense Type.............................................................................................................................................................1.2-32 iii. Octagonal with Four Ready Ammunition Magazines............................................................................................................1.2-39 iv. Mine and Bomb Observation Stations....................................................................................................................................1.2-42 E. MILITARY GUNS IN CIVILIAN LOCATIONS..............................................................................................................................................1.2-46 F. POST WORLD WAR II TO PRESENT DAY: REMOVAL AND DEMOLITION...................................................................................................1.2-47 G. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANCE.................................................................................................................................................................1.2-47 CHAPTER 1.3: PASSIVE DEFENSE A. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................................................................1.3-1 B. SHELTERS AT PEARL HARBOR.................................................................................................................................................................1.3-1 i. Site Selection..............................................................................................................................................................................1.3-2 ii. Capacity.....................................................................................................................................................................................1.3-4 C. PREVIOUSLY EXISTING SHELTERS AT PEARL HARBOR MAIN BASE BY ACTIVITY....................................................................................1.3-5 Table of Contents Pearl Harbor World War II Defensive Accessory Facilities Building Types Assessment i. Ford Island..................................................................................................................................................................................1.3-7 ii. Hospital Reservation................................................................................................................................................................1.3-10 iii. Marine Corps Reservation......................................................................................................................................................1.3-12 iv. Subase.....................................................................................................................................................................................1.3-14 v. Navy Yard................................................................................................................................................................................1.3-16 vi. Naval Supply Depot (Coaling Station, Oil, Fuel, Kuahua).....................................................................................................1.3-24 D. PREVIOUSLY EXISTING SHELTERS AT WORLD WAR II HOUSING AREAS i. Makalapa...................................................................................................................................................................................1.3-27 ii. Naval Housing Area I..............................................................................................................................................................1.3-30 iii. Naval Housing Area II............................................................................................................................................................1.3-30 iv. Housing Area III & Civilian Cantonment...............................................................................................................................1.3-30 E. PREVIOUSLY EXISTING SHELTERS OUTSIDE OF PEARL HARBOR MAIN BASE i. Bishop Point..............................................................................................................................................................................1.3-31 ii. Naval Ammunition Depot (West Loch)..................................................................................................................................1.3-32 iii. Moanalua................................................................................................................................................................................1.3-33 iv. Pearl City Peninsula................................................................................................................................................................1.3-33 v. Naval Ammunition Depot (Lualualei).....................................................................................................................................1.3-34 F. CONSTRUCTION TYPES AND MATERIALS...............................................................................................................................................1.3-35 G. ARCHED-SECTION SPLINTERPROOF SHELTERS......................................................................................................................................1.3-36 i. Extant Arched-section Splinterproof Shelters..........................................................................................................................1.3-43 ii. Extant Remnants of the Arched-section Splinterproof Shelters..............................................................................................1.3-44 H. RECTANGULAR-SECTION TYPE SPLINTERPROOF SHELTERS..................................................................................................................1.3-45 i. Extant Rectangular-section Type Splinterproof Shelters..........................................................................................................1.3-52 I. SHELTERS AT OTHER OAHU NAVY OR MARINE INSTALLATIONS.............................................................................................................1.3-53 J. NAVY SHELTERS AT OUTER HAWAIIAN ISLANDS....................................................................................................................................1.3-55 K. NAVY SHELTERS AT OUTER ISLANDS (FORWARD WWII BASES).............................................................................................................1.3-57 L. SHELTERS AT ARMY INSTALLATIONS....................................................................................................................................................1.3-58 M. LOCAL CIVILIAN SHELTERS...................................................................................................................................................................1.3-60 N. POST WWII.............................................................................................................................................................................................1.3-63 O. REMOVAL AND DEMOLITION.................................................................................................................................................................1.3-64 P. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANCE.................................................................................................................................................................1.3-66 CHAPTER 1.4: BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR HISTORIC CONTEXT REPORT..........................................................................................................1.4-1 CHAPTER 2: HISTORIC PRESERVATION PLAN CHAPTER 2.1: SIGNIFICANCE Pearl Harbor World War II Defensive Accessory Facilities Building Types Assessment Table of Contents A. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................................................................2.1-1 B. EVALUATION CRITERIA i. National Register Criteria...........................................................................................................................................................2.1-1 C. HISTORIC RESOURCE MANAGEMENT CATEGORIES i. Category I...................................................................................................................................................................................2.1-3 ii. Category II.................................................................................................................................................................................2.1-4 iii. Category III..............................................................................................................................................................................2.1-4 iv. Category IV..............................................................................................................................................................................2.1-4 TABLE2.1-1 EVALUATION OF HISTORIC RESOURCE MANAGEMENT CATEGORIES.......................................................................................2.1-6 APPROXIMATE LOCATIONS OF WWII SHELTERS, GUN EMPLACEMENTS, AND MINE AND BOMB OBSERVATION STATIONS........................2.1-11 CHAPTER 2.2: FACILITY ASSESSMENTS A. CAUSES OF DETERIORATION AND DEFINITIONS i. Corrosion....................................................................................................................................................................................2.2-1 ii. Stains.........................................................................................................................................................................................2.2-1 iii. Cracking...................................................................................................................................................................................2.2-2 iv. Spalling and Pitting...................................................................................................................................................................2.2-2 v. Deflection...................................................................................................................................................................................2.2-2 vi. Erosion and Effects from the Elements....................................................................................................................................2.2-2 B. ARCHED-SECTION SPLINTERPROOF SHELTERS i. Facility No. S830........................................................................................................................................................................2.2-4 ii. Facility No. S51.......................................................................................................................................................................2.2-11 iii. Facility No. 4..........................................................................................................................................................................2.2-16 iv. Facility No. 279......................................................................................................................................................................2.2-19 v. Facility No. S1133...................................................................................................................................................................2.2-23 C. RECTANGULAR-SECTION SPLINTERPROOF SHELTERS i. Facility No. S938......................................................................................................................................................................2.2-28 ii. Facility No. S897.....................................................................................................................................................................2.2-33 D. GUN EMPLACEMENTS AND MINE AND BOMB OBSERVATION STATION i. Octagonal with Single Ammunition Shed, Rooftop of Facility 167.........................................................................................2.2-36 ii. Octagonal with Four Ready Ammunition Magazines, Rooftop of Facility S638....................................................................2.2-42 iii. Ford Island, Airfield defense Type, Rooftop of Facility S180...............................................................................................2.2-46 iv. Mine and Bomb Observation Station, Rooftop of Facility 475..............................................................................................2.2-49 CHAPTER 2.3: CONSERVATION A. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................................................................2.3-1 Table of Contents Pearl Harbor World War II Defensive Accessory Facilities Building Types Assessment B. THE SECRETARY OF INTERIOR’S STANDARDS FOR THE TREATMENT OF HISTORIC PROPERTIES i. Preservation and Stabilization....................................................................................................................................................2.3-2 ii. Rehabilitation.............................................................................................................................................................................2.3-3 C. ROUTINE MAINTENANCE AND GENERAL UPKEEP FOR SHELTERS, GUN EMPLACEMENTS........................................................................2.3-4 D. SPECIFIC STABILIZATION AND PRESERVATION TREATMENTS FOR SHELTERS, GUN EMPLACEMENTS, AND MINE AND BOMB OBSERVATION STATIONS i. Concrete......................................................................................................................................................................................2.3-6 ii. Metals........................................................................................................................................................................................2.3-9 iii. Wood......................................................................................................................................................................................2.3-10 iv. Glass.......................................................................................................................................................................................2.3-11 V.Doors and Windows................................................................................................................................................................2.3-11 vi. Cleaning Treatments...............................................................................................................................................................2.3-12 vii. Waterproofing Treatments.....................................................................................................................................................2.3-14 viii. Coatings and Finishes...........................................................................................................................................................2.3-16 ix. Interior and Exterior Character-Defining Features.................................................................................................................2.3-17 CHAPTER 2.4: BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR HISTORIC PRESERVATION PLAN...................................................................................................2.4-1 CHAPTER 3: DATABASE CHAPTER3.1: SPLINTERPROOF SHELTERS Facility No. 4.................................................................................................................................................................................3.1-1 Facility No. S51.............................................................................................................................................................................3.1-3 Facility No. 343.............................................................................................................................................................................3.1-5 Facility No. 279.............................................................................................................................................................................3.1-7 Facility No. S830...........................................................................................................................................................................3.1-9 Facility No. S1133.......................................................................................................................................................................3.1-11 Facility No. S946.........................................................................................................................................................................3.1-14 Facility No. S380.........................................................................................................................................................................3.1-16 Facility No. S381.........................................................................................................................................................................3.1-18 Facility No. 465...........................................................................................................................................................................3.1-20 Facility No. S402.........................................................................................................................................................................3.1-22 Facility Nos. S463 and S464........................................................................................................................................................3.1-24 Facility No. S465.........................................................................................................................................................................3.1-27 Facility No. 341...........................................................................................................................................................................3.1-29 Facility No. UFNLLL.................................................................................................................................................................3.1-31 Remnant 1....................................................................................................................................................................................3.1-33 Pearl Harbor World War II Defensive Accessory Facilities Building Types Assessment Table of Contents Remnant 2....................................................................................................................................................................................3.1-34 Remnant 3....................................................................................................................................................................................3.1-35 Remnant 4....................................................................................................................................................................................3.1-37 Remnant 5....................................................................................................................................................................................3.1-39 Facility No. S936.........................................................................................................................................................................3.1-41 Facility No. S1115.......................................................................................................................................................................3.1-43 Facility No. S937.........................................................................................................................................................................3.1-46 Facility No. S938.........................................................................................................................................................................3.1-48 Facility No. S897.........................................................................................................................................................................3.1-50 Facility No. S96...........................................................................................................................................................................3.1-52 CHAPTER3.2: GUN EMPLACEMENTS AND MINE AND BOMB OBSERVATION STATIONS Facility No. 167.............................................................................................................................................................................3.2-1 Facility No. 177.............................................................................................................................................................................3.2-2 Facility No. 206.............................................................................................................................................................................3.2-3 Facility No. 208.............................................................................................................................................................................3.2-4 Facility No. 250.............................................................................................................................................................................3.2-5 Facility No. 41...............................................................................................................................................................................3.2-6 Facility No. 47...............................................................................................................................................................................3.2-7 Facility No. 475.............................................................................................................................................................................3.2-8 Facility No. B6...............................................................................................................................................................................3.2-9 Facility No. S180.........................................................................................................................................................................3.2-10 Facility No. S181.........................................................................................................................................................................3.2-11 Facility No. S246.........................................................................................................................................................................3.2-12 Facility No. S46...........................................................................................................................................................................3.2-13 Facility No. S633.........................................................................................................................................................................3.2-14 Facility No. S638.........................................................................................................................................................................3.2-15 Facility No. S99...........................................................................................................................................................................3.2-16 Facility No. UFNWAI.................................................................................................................................................................3.2-17 APPENDICES APPENDIX A...................................................................................................................................................................................................A-1 APPENDIX B...................................................................................................................................................................................................B-1 APPENDIX C...................................................................................................................................................................................................C-1 Pearl Harbor World War II Defensive Accessory Facilities Building Types Assessment Executive Summary Executive Summary This report was developed for Commander, Navy Region Hawaii (CNRH). It is intended to assist CNRH in determining the historic significance of its facilities so that it may update its inventory and continue "rightsizing" its shore infrastructure. This report is the first phase of a two-part undertaking that addresses World War II-era facilities at Pearl Harbor and surrounding areas. This phase addresses splinterproof shelters and gun emplacement defensive facilities, and the second phase addresses wooden structures. Documentation of the air raid shelters at the Pearl Harbor National Historic Landmark (PHNHL) is undertaken in compliance with a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) for the demolition of shelter Facility S721 executed in June of 2002. The MOA stipulates that a Building Types Assessment (BTA) "will be prepared for all other WWII era bunkers located in the PHNHL. As of the execution date of this MOA the following flat roofed bunkers, similar to S721, have been identified within the PHNHL: S1115, S897, S936, S937, S938 and S96A; other bunkers, including parabolic and flat roofed types, will be included in the BTA if they are identified prior to its completion. As part of the BTA, specific bunkers will be identified for prioritized preservation, to include Historic Preservation Plans (HPPs) as appropriate and as identified in the BTA." This Building Types Assessment contains a historic context report, an associated historic preservation plan, and a database for extant defensive facilities. The context report is comprised of an historical overview of local defense and defense accessory facilities, a survey of the extant structures, and architectural descriptions and drawings. The historic preservation plan contains condition assessments, treatment recommendations, and identifies (and re-evaluates from earlier ICRMP surveys) appropriate treatment categories in compliance with Sections 106 and 110 of the National Historic Preservation Act. The database section provides detailed information about each facility that was surveyed for this report. The contractor for this survey was Mason Architects, Inc. Structure evaluations, historic research, and writing were completed by the following architectural historians employed at Mason Architects: Polly Cosson, Dee Ruzicka, Erika Webb and Ann Yoklavich. The extant gun emplacements and other defense-related facilities at Pearl Harbor are significant as physical reminders of an important period in United States history. They represent the Fourteenth Naval District's defensive stance immediately following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and other Pacific bases. The build-up at Pacific Navy bases was already underway, and the attack created an immediate shift in emphasis, to focus on construction of defensive facilities, as well as a general acceleration in all building. The two years following the attack were when gun emplacements of several different types were built to secure against future attacks. The defense accessory facilities that remain at Pearl Harbor are significant for their design and construction because they are distinctive types of structures that represent this period of World War II. They are structure types that have not previously been studied and documented, and only a handful is known to remain at Pearl Harbor. They are also historically significant because they embody the characteristics of this period of urgency and caution in the early years of WWII, when another attack was expected. They communicate the Navy's war-time posture, which was to ensure the continuation of the important work at the installation. Rooftop gun emplacements were built to defend the Navy installation in the event of another aerial attack. Their varying designs reflect the different conditions encountered on buildings selected as their placement sites. The splinterproof air raid shelters that remain at Pearl Harbor, like the defensive facilities, are significant as physical evidence of an important period in United States history and similarly represent the Fourteenth Naval District's defensive stance immediately following the Japanese attack. i Executive Summary Pearl Harbor World War II Defensive Accessory Facilities Building Types Assessment The few years following the attack were a period when protection against future attacks was a high priority, and the two dozen shelters and shelter remnants that remain at Pearl Harbor are significant building types for representing this period of World War II. Air raid shelters were placed throughout the installation to protect the Navy's workforce, both civilian and military, from anticipated harm. They communicate the Navy's war- time posture, which was to ensure the continuation of the important work at the installation. Nationwide, very few mass-produced air raid shelters are known to remain from this period, and the extant ones at Pearl Harbor are only a small fraction of the shelters that were originally constructed. Few of these original defensive accessory facilities remain, and those that do require varying levels of maintenance. The buildings upon which the gun enclosures sit need to be incorporated into preservation planning so that the emplacements that remain will be preserved. The majority of the splinterproof air raid shelters that were built have since been demolished, and the few that remain should be preserved and maintained as significant historical markers. The strategies for approaching the preservation and maintenance of these facilities are addressed directly in the historic preservation plan. ii Pearl Harbor World War II Defensive Accessory Facilities Building Types Assessment Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronyms AA Antiaircraft AMTB Anti Motor Torpedo Battery AW Automatic Weapon BTA Building Types Assessment CA Coast Artillery CMU Concrete Masonry Unit CNRH Commander Navy Region Hawaii CPNAB Contractors Pacific Naval Air Bases CRMP Cultural Resource Management Plan FISC Fleet Industrial Supply Center GPF Grand Puissance Filoux HABS Historic American Building Survey HPP Historic Preservation Plan ICRMP Integrated Cultural Resource Management Plan IPT Hawaii Integrated Product Team (Full name: Integrated Product Team Hawaii, Environmental) MAI Mason Architect Inc. MOA Memorandum of Agreement NAVFAC Pacific Naval Facilities Engineering Pacific NAVMAG Naval Magazine NARA National Archives and Records Administration NCTAMS Naval Computer and Telecommunications Area Master Station NEPA National Environmental Policy Act NFN No Facility Number. NFN, in combination with an arbitrary number, is used throughout this report as a means of assigning un-numbered facilities with identifiers. NFN is used for structures that have been demolished. See also UFN. NHPA National Historic Preservation Act NHL National Historic Landmark PACDIV/PACDIVNAVFACENGCOM Pacific Division Naval Facilities Engineering Command PHNHL Pearl Harbor National Historic Landmark PWC Public Works Center RTF Radio Transmitting Facility SCR Signal Corps Radio SUBASE/Subase Submarine Base iii