HISTORIA PATRIA HISTORIA PATRIA POLITICS, HISTORY, AND NATIONAL IDENTITY IN SPAIN, 1875-1975 Carolyn P. Boyd P R I N C E T O N U N I V E R S I T Y PRESS P R I N C E T O N , N E W J E R S E Y Copyright © 1997 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, Chichester, West Sussex All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Boyd, Carolyn P., 1944- Historia patria : politics, history, and national identity in Spain, 1875-1975 / Carolyn P. Boyd. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 0-691-02656-4 (cl : alk. paper) 1. Nationalism and education—Spain—History. 2. Education and state—Spain—History. 3. Politics and education—Spain—History. 4. Spain—History—Study and teaching—Spain. 5. Nationalism— Study and teaching—Spain. I. Title. LC93.S7B69 1997 320.54'0946—dc21 96-45261 CIP This book has been composed in Sabon Princeton University Press books are printed on acid-free paper and meet the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To My Parents and My Children Contents List of Illustrations ix Abbreviations Used in the Text and the Notes xi Preface xiii Chapter 1. The Spanish Educational System and Its Critics, 1857-1900 3 Chapter 2. National Regeneration and Educational Reform, 1898-1923 41 Chapter 3. History Invented: History Education and the Liberal State 65 Chapter 4. History Remembered: Catholic Integrism and the Sacralization of the National Past 99 Chapter 5. History Recovered: Rafael Altamira and National Regeneration 122 Chapter 6. The Primo de Rivera Dictatorship, 1923-1930: The Origins of "National Catholicism" 165 Chapter 7. History and the Creation of a Republican Civic Culture, 1931-1936 194 Chapter 8. History as Therapy: The Franquist Dictatorship, 1936-1953 232 Chapter 9. Historical Amnesia: The Franco Regime, 1953-1975 273 Conclusion: History and National Identity 302 Bibliography 309 Index 349