D '- .. .. . ~'-- 1:01 .;-;" . v t [f~~~~ ~D .? I'" HIGHER t JUDO Judo is the art of using all parts of the body to FElDENKRAIS . promote general well being, and might be considered as a basicculture of the body. It creates a sense ofrhythm WITH PREFACEBY of movement and co-ordination of mind and body as no G.KOIZUMI other sport cando. Soonafter commencingJudo practice, ~~OO ~ ~ . the novice often becomes aware of an improvement in ,H~."" ';:'Y""~'I"'1 I'.~!~;;',;": ' ":-' .':~' . III his own occupation or sport, due to a sharpening of his <11 . senses. f <11 .. t Modern Judo was introduced into this country in .. f 1918by Mr.G.K. Koizumi. It was built up from ancient 4 I Ju-Jitsu methods by Professor Jigoro Kano. The aim in .. ~~ ~ , r the old practice of Ju-Jitsu was to overcome one's ~ = 4 opponent. Judo, on the other hand, is planned first and I =:-= t ",...,~ foremost as an exercise, although much ofthe attacking 1- t ~ and defendingtechnique has been merged into the mod- ~ - .. ern system, and some present-day students learn the t I" elementary throws as a form of un-armed combat. i: r&'fii--r:J FULLY . . ILLUSrRATED 11.~f ~ ~mYJ~U .:1 ~ ~ ~ [ffi? .~, E J.::;;; '- -... t ~ I HIGHER JUDO BY M.FELDENKRAIS ~ By the Same Author :- This book dealing With ground work is the first in a series JUDO designed forstudents who already possess some elementary know- The Art ofDefence and Attack. ledge of Judo, and who wish to make themselves familiarwith the A text book which gives a more advanced actions. sound basic knowledge of Judo. Good Judo cannot be learned Everykindoftechnique isexplain- without intelligent observation ed and illustrated. and understanding, but regular practice isessential above all else. The reader should find here much Beginnersandadvancedstudents to make his practice more profit- alike will appreciate the clear in- able. formation and valueof experienc- edguidancewhichthis book offers. PRINTI!D IN GREAT BRITAIN Published by FREDERICKWARNE &CO. LTD London and New York 1 I HIGHER JUDO HIGHER JUDO This book dealing with ground work is the firstin aseries designed.for students who already possess some elementary GROUND WORK knowledge of Judo, and who wish to make themselves familiar with the more (KATAME-WAZA) advanced actions. Good Judo cannot be learned without intelligent observation andunderstanding, by but regular practice is essential above all else.The reader should findheremuch to M. FELDENKRAIS make hispractice more profitable. BLACK BELT HOLDER Founderof theJiu-Jitsu Club de France, ~y thesame author Member of theCouncil of Judo Specialists JUDO of theEuropeanJudo Union FrederickWarne& Co.Ltd.,London. JIU-JITSU With a Forewordby Teleth, Tel-Aviv. G. KOIZUMI JIU-JITSU ABC DU JUDO 6TH DAN JUDO POUR CEINTURES NOIRES Founder of theBudokwai, Editions Chiron, Paris. Chairman of theCouncil of Judo Specialists of theEuropean Judo Union BODY AND MATURE BEHAVIOUR Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, and The International Universities Press, New York. V : .,:.~1.., ' ,,~ . ; .~, .~ .. FREDERICK WARNE & CO., LTD. LONDON AND NEW YORK Copyright London 1952 PREFACE THISis the first of a series of three volumes. The others will follow as soon as practicable. The series will cover the whole field of Judo practice and theory, as well as self-defence as taught in the Dojo and as used in real emergencIes. I wish to express my gratitude to my friend and teacher for many years, Mr. Mikonosuke Kawaishi, 7th Dan. The figures in the illustrations of this book represent him and myself. I had the good fortune of meeting Mr. G. Koizumi, from whom I have learned a great deal. The clarity of his knowledge is equal to the generosity with which he imparts it. A number of suggestions in this book are due to him. I am greatly indebted to Mr. T. P. Leggett, 5th Dan, Chairman of the European Judo Union, for critical reading of the typescript and his very instructive advice on the mat. My thanks are also due to myoid friend Mr. R. B. Serle, 1st Kyu, for his constant help. M.F. BM/Moshe, London, W.C. I. PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAl:-l v FOREWORD THE principle ofJudo is like the nature of water. Water flows to a balanced level. It has no shape of its own but moulds itself to the receptacle that contains it. Its surge is irresistible and it permeates everything. It has existed and will exist as long as time and space. When heated to the state of steam it is invisible, but has enough power to split the earth itself. When frozen it crystallizes into a mighty rock. Its services are boundless and its uses endless. First it is turbulent like the Niagara Falls, and then calm like a still pond, fearful like a torrent, and refreshing like a spring on a hot summer's day. So is the principle ofJudo. The art ofJudo has been commercialized under many colourfullabels and books have been published which, with a few exceptions, are either very much influenced by journalism or are of an elementary nature. Dr. M. Feldenkrais has made a serious study of the subject, himself attaining Black Belt efficiency. He has studied and analysed Judo as a scientist in the light of the laws of physics, physiology and psychology, and he reports the results in this book which is enlightening and satisfying to the scientific mind of our age. Such a study has been long awaited and is a very valuable Vll viii FOREWORD contribution to the fuller understanding and apprecia- tion of the merits ofJudo. Dr. Feldenkrais explains how Judo training educates one to be "independent of heritage." This phrase is the keynote and hallmark of the standard of his treatise. CONTENTS It is universally recognized that Judo practice promotes the sense of balance and self-confidence, cultivates the Chapter Page ability to overcome brute force, inherited weaknesses Preface v or shortcomings, but the logical and scientific reasons Foreword Vll for these effects were left unexplored. Dr. Feldenkrais, Introduction Xl with his learned mind, keen observation and masterly I Judo Practice 17 command of wo~ds, clarifies the interrelation and the II Uniqueness ofAction 42 intermingled working of gravitation, body, bones, III Where We Start and Why 46 muscles, nerves, consciousness, subconscious and un- IV Principles of Ground Work 53 consciousness and opens the way for better under- V Some Useful Exercises for Ground Work 56 standing. VI Ground Work Tactics 67 However, a scientific study is by its nature sectional VII Starting Ground Work 77 and a matter of conscious knowledge. Readers and VIII Six O'clock Approach 87 students must therefore put the theory into practice, IX Right or Left Approach 121 and digest and assimilate it beyond the state of con- X Head On Approach 160 sciousness before they can appreciate the claims or XI The Astride Position 181 derive the full practical benefit from it. When practising XII Opponent Facing the Ground 207 they should keep in mind the broader and more funda- mental aspects of Judo. As an art and a philosophy, the ultimate object of Judo is the attainment of harmo- nious unity of opposites in tune with life's realities; in short, unity of Man and God or Nature. G. KOIZUMI. IX INTRODUCTION THE present series is written for the serious student who has some rudimentary knowledge ofJudo and to whom clearer understanding of the principles underlying Judo practice should be of great value. No book can replace A change of movement in the text is indicated thus: a good teacher. Those fortunate enough to have a o o o good Judo teacher will, it is hoped, find the present work even mOfe useful with his assistance. Good Judo cannot be learned without intelligent observation and attention., This understanding will help the reader to make his practice more profitable and save much hard work. Most physical activities have some beneficial effect on our make-up in one way or another, but Judo has special claims of its own. It should be taught more generally as a preparation to healthy adult behaviour. Just as an academic course is necessary before entry into a university, so should a Judo course be necessary for any physical activity. I hope to show that this is a rational and well founded statement and not merely an emotional expression of faith. If we examine the reasons that lead people to take up Judo we find: (I) An awareness of insufficient mental x Xl ---- Xll INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION- xiii- and physical co-ordination. People feel that if they hindered by earlier formed habits ofthought or attitude. could use themselves in a more harmonious way, more Many Judoka (Judo students) may find it' difficult, at satisfactory results could be expected from their exer- first sight, to see any connection between their practice tions. (2) A desire to equip oneself, with a view to self- and this abstract statement. Some comment is therefore defence. (3) An awareness of inadequate physical necessary. strength. (4) A fascination by the spectacular prowess The biological and physical properties of an animal of Judo. (5) Want of an interesting pastime or physical body restrict activity within certain limits. A body recreation. must be kept warm, fed and properly ventilated; it On the whole, we may say that the majority of people must be kept away from hurtful, sharp and hard objects, take up Judo, either deliberately, or without conscious etc. The knowledge handed down to us through our realization, searching to further their development and parents, or that which we have acquired by our own' to harmonize th~ir relations with their environment. efforts, helps us to satisfy these, in reality very stringent Many teachers do not fully appreciate the problem conditions, with apparent ease. We become, to a certain and the real importance of Judo as an educational extent, independent of these restraints and we get so method for better social adjustment. They are too used to them as to be mostly unaware of them. often carried away by the effectiveness of Judo as a Take a concrete example. Some persons have sudden means of defence or attack. Such teachers are merely seizures or fits. Their dependence on their bodies is instructors in the simpler practical side of Judo. The acutely brought to mind when they recover. Without great Judo Masters, however, have always taken a knowledge there is nothing they can do about it. But more serious view of it. It is probably mainly because by knowing exactly how sugar is absorbed and used Judo is rarely learnt from the right source that some by the body, we find that in some casesthe seizures are reach a certain fighting proficiency, yet often fail in due to improper functioning of a gland called the the main object of harmonizing their relations with pancreas. By substituting artificially, the substance their social environment. produced by the normal pancreas, namely insulin, the seizures disappear. This knowledge increases the in- dependence ofthe person on his body sothat he becomes THE AIM OF JUDO lessdependent on the kind ofpancreas he has inherited. The essential aim of Judo is to teach, help and When, and if, we know how to regenerate the tissues of forward adult maturity, which is an ideal state rarely that gland, or what seems to be more important, the reached, where a person is capable of dealing with the nervous parts that make it grow and work, our indepen- immediate present task before him without being dence in this respect will be more complete. INTRODUCTION xv XlV INTRODUCTION This example illustrates the point, but is rather far We can see clearly, therefore, that each person is fetched. A more general case is our dependence on bound to have some propensities or powers not so gravitation. Because the body is material it is attracted fully developed as they could be if the course of their to the earth. All our acts are therefore possible only if actual life history were different; we have to reckon we have learned to maintain our bodies so as to be with our actual personal environment and experience sufficiently independent of this universal and never even more than with our inheritance. It is correct, ceasing attraction. The human body, fitted for erect therefore, to say that we may have achieved an infan- carriage, is particularly dependent on gravitation, more tile, a childish, an adolescent, or an adult degree of so than any of the other higher animals. The famous independence in one or the other parts of our character acrobats show so much greater independence of this or powers though we may be of an adult age and restrictive universal force, that we generally speak of legally be considered as an adult. them as "flying," through the air. Normally, we do From this point ofview, most people would be rather not need, and cannot afford, the time necessary to low on a list where an ideal adult is placed at the top. attain such a high degree of independence of gravita- In 'normal life this is of secondary importance. Each individual centres his interests around those traits and tion as the professional acrobat, who makes this an end in itself. skills that his life history has permitted him to bring The first years of our childhood are spent largely in to a sufficient degree of maturity, relative to the bulk of men in his time and surroundings. learning to master such a degree of independence of gravitation as parents deem to be reasonably necessary. However, many people pften become aware of some The more primitive societies demand a more stringent traits in their make-up, which are left in an undeveloped and exacting independence of gravitation. Later on, state, and they find an inner urge to further this growth we have to learn to adjust ourselves to society, to the at the first opportunity. Some begin to learn to playa musical instrument very late in life. The most cele- opposite sex,and finally to become a fully fledged adult. With every acquisition of new knowledge and skill brated Japanese woman painter is over a hundred years we achieve greater and greater independence of some old. She was a school teacher and could not develop her sense of colour and form until after retirement. So permanently acting restraint. Just as in the case of the acrobat and gravitation, she started drawing pictures and a pension at the same time. the degree of independence which we do actually achieve in each of the numerous functions, depends on Usually when people start to develop in adult age a the generation, the age, the society and our position in part of themselves that did not reach maturity earlier, that society. we are prone to look at their late attempts as a craze --- XVI INTRODUCTION or a hobby. Nevertheless, we are correct in admiring " their youthfulness." Aswe have seen, " their childish- ness" would be an even more appropriate expression, had it not acquired a derogatory meaning when applied to adults. Some adjustments are so fundamental to any adult life that we cannot imagine a satisfactory, let alone CHAPTER I happy life, without full independence being achieved. The actual types, or the particular adjustments JUDO PRACTICE without which life is misery, are not fixed, except for a few vital vegetative functions like breathing, blood pressure etc. All the others, such as the adjustment To HELPteach and foster adult independence seems a to the opposite sex, to power, to authority and all the formidable task and it seems difficult to know how and social restraints, are very fluid and constantly changing where to begin. What do we do inJudo that isso differ- ent from other disciplines? with the time and place where they have to be made. In our own time we rarely find people who have had The moststriking thing is,that Judo ignores inheritance an ideal opportunity to bring a sufficient number of as a factor of importance. We do not find that size, their abilities to the matured adult stage. Traditional weight, stren~th or form have much connection with ignorance and a childish state of independence of our what a man can learn to do so long as it is within the parents and our teachers themselves, are the main limit of his intelligence. Furthermore, by admitting reasons for this pitiable result. So that we have in frankly the physical shortcomings, we are capable of general to take the matter in our own hands in adoles- turning them into advantages in due course! What a cence or even later. We find it absolutely necessary to man can do now is mostly determined by his personal acquire new modes of doing, that is, to make adjust- experience, the habits of thought, feeling and action that he has formed. ments and allow our growth in directions that were previously barred for us or simply neglected. In our Usually incapacity to do, is produced by fear, ima- society, there are so many things that are arbitrarily gination and otherwise distorted appreciation of the and unnecessarily eliminated from usage that wefeel that outside world. We teach an unemotional, objective we are being forced into a strait-jacket and our vitality activity which has nothing to do with what the person hampered. Let us see what Judo can do to help us out is or feels and we show that the result depends entirely of the tangle. on when, what and how a thing is done, and on nothing else. The result is that a small, sometimes insignificant B 17