H ig h Higher Education in Regional and City Development e r  E  Higher Education in Regional and City  Amsterdam, The Netherlands du c Development a tio Amsterdam has the characteristics of creativeness, openness and diversity that n  in  Amsterdam, make it attractive to global talent and young population. It has strong research  R e universities and excellent transport infrastructure including one of the world’s leading gio The Netherlands airports. It is the financial capital of the Netherlands and home to many multi- n a national companies. Amsterdam’s cultural and architectural heritage have ensured l a n that it is better-known globally than many cities twice its size. d  C it y However, the Amsterdam metropolitan region still has unfulfilled potential. This  D e report looks at how to encourage effective interaction between the higher education v e sector and the region ,not simply on the transfer of technology and knowledge, but lo p m on the mobility and skills of people. It considers how to develop and transform the e n talents and competences both of the young non-Western minority and of the 30+ t age-group. A m s This publication explores a range of helpful policy measures and institutional t e reforms to mobilise higher education for the development of Amsterdam. It is part of r d the series of the OECD reviews of Higher Education in Regional and City am Development. These reviews help mobilise higher education institutions for econo- , T mic, social and cultural development of cities and regions. They analyse how the h e higher education system impacts upon regional and local development and bring N together universities, other higher education institutions and public and private e t h agencies to identify strategic goals and to work towards them. e r la n d s The full text of this book is available on line via thisl ink:        www.sourceoecd.org/education/9789264088955 Those with access to all OECD books on line should use this link:       www.sourceoecd.org/9789264088955 SourceOECD is the OECD’s online library of books, periodicals and statistical databases.  For more information about this award-winning service and free trials, ask your librarian, or write to  us at [email protected]. 89  2010 08    www.oecd.org/publishing Higher Education in Regional and City Development Amsterdam The Netherlands 2010 ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT The OECD is a unique forum where governments work together to address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies. The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Commission of the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD. OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisation’s statistics gathering and research on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the conventions, guidelines and standards agreed by its members. This work is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. ISBN 978 9 26408895 5 (PDF) Cover image design © Francisco Esquer Mares. Cover photo © Dienst Marketing & Communicatie VU University Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found on line at: www.oecd.org/publishing/corrigenda. © OECD 2010 You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications, databases and multimedia products in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgment of OECD as source and copyright owner is given. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to [email protected]. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at [email protected] or the Centre français d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at [email protected]. 3 FOREWORD – Foreword Universities and other higher education institutions can play a key role in human capital development and innovation systems in their cities and regions. Reviews of Higher Education in Regional and City Development are the OECD’s tool to mobilise higher education for economic, social and cultural development of cities and regions. They analyse how the higher education system impacts local and regional development and assist in improving this impact. They examine higher education institution’s contribution to human capital and skills development; technology transfer and business innovation; social, cultural and environmental development; and regional capacity building. The review process facilitates partnership building in regions by drawing together higher education institutions and public and private agencies to identify strategic goals and work together towards them. To know more about the OECD review process and requirements, visit Higher Education and Regions’ website at www.oecd.org/edu/imhe/regionaldevelopment. These reviews are part of a wider multi-year work of higher education in cities and regions coordinated by the OECD Programme on Institutional Management of Higher Education (IMHE). In 2004-07, the OECD/IMHE conducted an extensive study with 14 regional reviews across 12 countries. This resulted in the OECD flagship publication Higher Education and Regions: Globally Competitive, Locally Engaged (OECD, 2007) with recommendation to benefit both higher education institutions and national and regional governments. In 2008, the OECD/IMHE launched a second series of OECD reviews of Higher Education in Regional and City Development to address the demand by national, regional and local governments for more responsive and active higher education institutions. As a result, 14 regions in 8 OECD countries and 3 non-member economies underwent the OECD review process in 2008-10. The reviews were carried out by the OECD/IMHE in collaboration with international organisations and associations and other OECD programmes and directorates. This work also supports the OECD Innovation Strategy and OECD Green Growth Strategy. HIGHER EDUCATION IN REGIONAL AND CITY DEVELOPMENT: AMSTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS -  OECD 2010 4 – FOREWORD This OECD review of Amsterdam is part of the second round of OECD reviews of Higher Education in Regional and City Development. A review was also carried out in Rotterdam. HIGHER EDUCATION IN REGIONAL AND CITY DEVELOPMENT: AMSTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS -  OECD 2010 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS – Acknowledgements Numerous local stakeholders and representatives of higher education institutions provided valuable insights during the review visit and in the form of comments. The OECD would like to thank in particular: the Regional Steering Committee, the Regional Coordinator, Peter Nijkamp, and the authors of the Self-Evaluation Report, as well as all those we met and who gave so generously of their time and experience. This publication draws on interviews carried out during a week-long review visit in 8-13 November 2009, on the findings of the City of Rotterdam Self-Evaluation Report and using additional information provided to the review team. The OECD Review Team had a full and intensive programme and was received openly by a wide range of stakeholders. We had the benefit of a reflective Self Evaluation Report by Bert Tieben and Theo Smid1 which went well beyond description to postulating a number of hypotheses about strengths and weaknesses which we were able to test. We cite this report, hereinafter referred to as the SER, frequently in the following pages, and are indebted to it and to its authors for many other unacknowledged insights. We were also able to rely on a range of other reports, notably the 2008 OECD thematic review of tertiary education report on the Netherlands. This review is complemented by a similar review of Rotterdam and some elements of the analysis are common to both reports. The Netherlands is not the only country where more than one review is being conducted. The particularity of Amsterdam and Rotterdam however, is that they can be considered – and are considered – as both forming part of a wider region, the Randstad, which has itself been the subject of review by OECD2. This publication was co-ordinated by Richard Yelland (OECD Programme on Institutional Management in Higher Education), The other members of the Peer Review Team were Patrick Dubarle (former OECD), Lauritz Holm-Nielsen (University of Aarhus, Denmark); Kristopher Olds, University of Wisconsin, Madison, United States, and Véronique Timmerhuis (Social and Economic Council, the Netherlands). HIGHER EDUCATION IN REGIONAL AND CITY DEVELOPMENT: AMSTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS -  OECD 2010 6 – FOREWORD Further details about the Review Team can be found in Annex 1 of this report. Rachel Linden supervised the publication process. Notes 1 Tieben, B. and Smid, T. Review of higher education institutions in regional and city development: Self-evaluation report of Amsterdam, SEO Economisch Onderzoek, 2009, 2 OECD Territorial Review, Randstad, Netherlands, Paris 2007 HIGHER EDUCATION IN REGIONAL AND CITY DEVELOPMENT: AMSTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS -  OECD 2010 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS – Table of contents List of Acronyms ................................................................................................ 11 Chapter 1: Analysis and recommendations....................................................... 13 1.1 Challenges inherent in the national context ......................................... 13 1.2 The specificity of Amsterdam .............................................................. 14 1.3 Moving forward ................................................................................... 15 References .......................................................................................................... 20 Chapter 2: National education policy and the regional context ....................... 21 2.1 The Dutch context ................................................................................ 21 2.2 The tertiary education system: facts, figures and traditions ................. 24 2.3 National governance and financing patterns ........................................ 29 2.4 The regional dimension in the higher education system ...................... 33 2.5 Support for the regional mission .......................................................... 34 2.6 The Randstad and its sub-regions ........................................................ 36 2.7 Higher education in the Amsterdam region ......................................... 37 References .......................................................................................................... 42 Chapter 3: The contribution of higher education to innovation ...................... 43 3.1 HEI Research and knowledge output ................................................... 43 3.2 HEI and the Amsterdam global city context ........................................ 47 3.3. Academia and commercialisation of innovation .................................. 52 References .......................................................................................................... 58 Chapter 4: The contribution of higher education to human capital development 59 4.1 Provision of skills for the labour market .............................................. 59 4.2 Flexibility in, and coherence of, the tertiary education system ............ 62 4.3 Training and attracting talent ............................................................... 65 HIGHER EDUCATION IN REGIONAL AND CITY DEVELOPMENT: AMSTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS -  OECD 2010 8 – TABLE OF CONTENTS 4.4 Contribution of HEIs to a coherent regional innovation system .......... 66 References .......................................................................................................... 70 Chapter 5: The contribution of higher education to social, cultural and environmental development ........................................................................................................ 71 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 71 5.1 Teaching and Learning ........................................................................ 74 5.2 Research and Innovation ...................................................................... 79 References .......................................................................................................... 84 Chapter 6: Capacity building for regional co-operation .................................. 85 6.1 Connecting HEI , international firms and society ................................ 86 6.2 Reinforcing HEI/cluster linkages ......................................................... 88 Annex 1 – OECD review team ........................................................................... 95 Annex 2: Programme of the review visit ........................................................... 98 Tables Table 2.1 Labour Market prospects by educational level .......................... 28 Table 2.2. Public and Private Funding for Higher Education ..................... 30 Table 2.3 Academic Ranking of World Universities ................................. 31 Table 2.4. Student enrolment at UAS ........................................................ 39 Table 2.5. Student enrolment at universities ............................................... 39 Table 2.6. Funding of HEIs ........................................................................ 40 Table 4.1. University Systems Ranking ...................................................... 61 Table 4.2: Population enrolled full-time and part-time ............................... 63 Table 4.3 The proportion of the population in the age range 30-39 ........... 64 Table 4.3. R&D expenditures ..................................................................... 68 Figures Figure 2.1 Population that has attained at least tertiary education (2009) ... 22 Figure 2.2. Structure of the Higher Education System in The Netherlands24 Figure 2.3. Student enrolment in the Netherlands by sector .................... 26 Figure 3.4 Participation in tertiary education by ethnic groups .............. 29 Figure 2.5 Expenditure on tertiary educational institutions .................... 30 HIGHER EDUCATION IN REGIONAL AND CITY DEVELOPMENT: AMSTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS -  OECD 2010 9 TABLE OF CONTENTS – Figure 2.6. Public funding of universities and UAS (% of GDP) ............ 32 Figure 3.1. Inbound foreign student mobility in the Netherlands ............ 51 Figure 3.2. Opportunities for developing and disseminating research ..... 55 Figure 3.3. The University of Waterloo Commercialization Office ........ 56 Figure 4.1. Map of The Netherlands ........................................................ 60 Figure 4.2. Innovative capacity of the leading industrialised nations ...... 67 Figure 5.1. Service learning modes .......................................................... 77 Boxes Box 2.1 National programmes that stimulate regional cooperation ................ 35 Box 3.1 Reorganising to Enhance Coordination and Focus ............................ 46 Box 3.2 The Main Functions of a Global City ................................................ 48 Box 3.3 Foreign universities in the global city of Singapore .......................... 49 Box 3.4 Enlarging TTO perspectives: University of British Columbia .......... 54 Box 4.1 The Danish University Extension in Aarhus ..................................... 65 Box 5.1 New Energy Docks ............................................................................ 74 Box 5.2 Co-operative Education ..................................................................... 76 Box 5.3 The Center for Social Innovation at Stanford .................................... 78 Box 6.1 Amsterdamse Innovatiemotor and Amsterdam Bright City ............... 86 Box 6.2 Öresund region universities ............................................................... 89 Box 6.3 The Steinbeis Foundation i ................................................................ 91 HIGHER EDUCATION IN REGIONAL AND CITY DEVELOPMENT: AMSTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS -  OECD 2010