High Frequency Electromagnetic Dosimetry For a listing of recent titles in the ArtechHouse Electromagnetic Analysis Series, turn to the back of this book. High Frequency Electromagnetic Dosimetry David A. Sánchez-Hernández Editor artechhouse.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record of this book is available from the Library of Congress. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record of this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-1-59693-397-2 Cover design by IgorValdman © 2009ARTECHHOUSE, INC. 685 Canton Street Norwood, MA 02062 Allrightsreserved.PrintedandboundintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.Nopartofthisbook maybereproducedorutilizedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,includ- ing photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. 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Contents Foreword xi CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Exposure Scenarios 5 1.3 The Nature of the Interaction: Rationale for Limiting Exposure to EMF 7 1.4 International Scientific Messages 9 1.5 Risk Communication and Perception 11 1.6 The Reason for Writing this Book 13 References 16 CHAPTER 2 Fundamentals of Electromagnetic Fields Interaction with Matter 21 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Electromagnetic Dosimetry 22 2.2.1 Definition 22 2.2.2 Electromagnetic Fields and Matter 23 2.2.3 Specific Absorption Rate 27 2.3 Dielectric Properties 29 2.3.1 Measurement Techniques 29 2.3.2 Current Knowledge on Dielectric Properties 38 2.3.3 The Role of Tissue Dielectric Properties and Geometry on Electromagnetic Dosimetry 46 2.4 Heat Generation 50 2.4.1 BioheatEquation 50 2.4.2 Thermal Properties of Human Tissues 56 2.5 Conclusions 57 References 59 CHAPTER 3 Far-Field Numerical Electromagnetic Dosimetry 67 3.1 Introduction 67 3.2 Electromagnetic Exposure Evaluation and Compliance Testing 69 3.3 Human Body and Source Modeling 71 3.3.1 Human Body Model 71 3.3.2 Source Modeling 76 vii viii Contents 3.4 Simulation Techniques 82 References 85 CHAPTER 4 Near-Field Numerical Electromagnetic Dosimetry 93 4.1 Phantom and Source Modeling 93 4.1.1 Phantom Developments 93 4.1.2 Source Modeling 100 4.2 Simulation Techniques 103 4.2.1 Averaging Strategies 109 4.2.2 Meshing Strategies 110 References 111 CHAPTER 5 In Situ Measured Exposure Assessment and Compliance Testing 121 5.1 Introduction 121 5.2 Preevaluation 124 5.3 Instrumentation for Measurement 126 5.3.1 Broadband Probes 126 5.3.2 Narrowband Equipment 128 5.3.3 Antennas 129 5.3.4 Digital Mobile Communications Measuring Instrument 132 5.4 Volunteer Studies 132 5.5 Accurate Far-Field Compliance Testing for 2G Measurements 134 5.5.1 Measurement Campaigns 134 5.5.2 Measurement Procedures 137 5.5.3 Base Station Activity Determination 140 5.5.4 Broadband Measurements 143 5.5.5 Data Acquisition and Evaluation of Compliance with Broadband Probes 144 5.5.6 Narrowband Measurements 146 5.5.7 Data Acquisition and Evaluation of Compliance with Narrowband Probes 147 5.6 Accurate Far-Field Compliance Testing for 3G Measurements 153 5.6.1 The Need for Measurements 153 5.6.2 The UMTS Downlink Signal 154 References 158 CHAPTER 6 Near-Field SAR Measurements with Automated Scanning Systems 165 6.1 Introduction 165 6.2 DosimetricAssessment System 167 6.3 SAR Assessment System 167 6.4 Portable SAR Systems 169 6.5 Sources of Inaccuracies 171 References 172 Contents ix CHAPTER 7 The Effect of Metallic Objects on SAR Distributions 175 7.1 Introduction 175 7.2 Perfectly Conducting Spectacles and Eye Implants 177 7.3 Electrodes and Wire-Leads 180 7.4 Pins 183 7.5 Plates 184 7.6 Rings,Piercings, and Auditory Implants 186 7.7 Stents 202 References 202 CHAPTER 8 Worldwide Standardization and Guideline Discrepancies 207 8.1 Introduction 207 8.2 Extremities and Mass- and Time-Averaging 210 8.3 Volume Averaging 212 8.4 Regulations 213 References 216 CHAPTER 9 Medical Applications of High Frequency Electromagnetic Energy 221 9.1 Electromagnetic Therapy and Hypothermia 221 9.1.1 Biological Response and Risk 222 9.2 Therapeutic Applications 223 9.2.1 Cardiac Treatments 224 9.2.2 Urological Pathologies 225 9.2.3 Gastric Pathologies 227 9.2.4 Tumor Ablation 227 9.2.5 Sleep Breathing Disorders 230 9.2.6 EndometrialAblation 230 9.2.7 Assistance toArthroscopicSurgery 231 9.2.8 Assistance toLipoclasty 232 9.3 Conclusions and Future Research 232 References 233 CHAPTER 10 Conclusions 237 References 240 Acronyms 243 About the Editor 249 About the Contributors 249 Index 253