HETERARCHY IN WORLD POLITICS Heterarchy in World Politics challenges the fundamental framing of international relations and world politics. IR theory has always been dominated by the presumption that world politics is, at its core, a system of states. However, this has always been problematic, challengeable, time-bound, and increasingly anachronistic. In the 21st century, world politics is becoming increasingly multi-nodal and characterized by “heterarchy”—the coexistence and conflict between differently structured micro- and meso- quasi-hierarchies that compete and overlap not only across borders but also across economic-financial sectors and social groupings. Thinking about international order in terms of heterarchy is a paradigm shift away from the mainstream “competing paradigms” of realism, liberalism, and constructivism. This book explores how, since the mid-20th century, the dialectic of globalization and fragmentation has caught states and the interstate system in the complex evolutionary process toward heterarchy. These heterarchical institutions and processes are characterized by increasing autonomy and special interest capture. The process of heterarchy empowers strategically situated agents—especially agents with substantial autonomous resources and, in particular, economic resources—in multi-nodal competing institutions with overlapping jurisdictions. The result is the decreasing capacity of macro-states to control both domestic and transnational political/economic processes. In this book, the authors demonstrate that this is not a simple breakdown of states and the states system; it is in fact the early stages of a structural evolution of world politics. This book will interest students, scholars and researchers of international relations theory. It will also have significant appeal in the fields of world politics, security studies, war studies, peace studies, global governance studies, political science, political economy, political power studies and the social sciences more generally. Philip G. Cerny is Professor Emeritus of Politics and Global Affairs at the University of Manchester, UK, and Rutgers University-Newark, USA. His research interests are the theory of world politics and political economy. Innovations in International Affairs Series Editor: Raffaele Marchetti LUISS Guido Carli, Italy Innovations in International Affairs aims to provide cutting-edge analyses of controversial trends in international affairs with the intent to innovate our understanding of global politics. Hosting mainstream as well as alternative stances, the series promotes both the re-assessment of traditional topics and the exploration of new aspects. The series invites both engaged scholars and reflective practitioners, and is committed to bringing non-western voices into current debates. Innovations in International Affairs is keen to consider new book proposals in the following key areas: • Innovative topics: related to aspects that have remained marginal in scholarly and public debates • International crises: related to the most urgent contemporary phenomena and how to interpret and tackle them • World perspectives: related mostly to non-western points of view Titles in this series include: Megatrends of World Politics Globalization, Integration and Democratization Edited by Marina M. Lebedeva and Denis A. Kuznetsov Africa–Europe Cooperation and Digital Transformation Edited by Chux Daniels, Benedikt Erforth and Chloe Teevan Heterarchy in World Politics Edited by Philip G. Cerny For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/Innova tions-in-International-Affairs/book-series/IIA HETERARCHY IN WORLD POLITICS Edited by Philip G. Cerny First published 2023 by Routledge 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2023 selection and editorial matter, Philip G. Cerny; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Philip G. Cerny to be identified as the author of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-1-032-39875-4 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-40341-0 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-35261-7 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003352617 Typeset in Times New Roman by Apex CoVantage, LLC CONTENTS Notes on Contributors vii SECTION I Theory and History 1 1 Heterarchy: Toward Paradigm Shift in World Politics 3 Philip G. Cerny 2 From Postinternationalism to Heterarchy: Turbulence and Distance Proximities in a World of Globalization and Fragmentation 16 Dana-Marie Ramjit 3 Heterarchy and Social Theory 30 Carole L. Crumley 4 New Medievalism (Re)Appraised: Framing Heterarchy in World Politics 42 Aleksandra Spalińska 5 From Empire to Heterarchy 54 Gita Subrahmanyam 6 Heterarchy and State Transformation 67 Lee Jones and Shahar Hameiri vi Contents 7 Political Power in a Heterarchical World: A Categorization of Extra-state Authorities 80 Rosalba Belmonte 8 Globalization, Heterarchy, and the Persistence of Anomie 93 Alexandre Bohas and Michael J. Morley SECTION II Issue Areas and Case Studies 105 9 Nationalism, Capitalism, and Heterarchy: Continuity and Change in the 21st Century World Order 107 Peter Rutland 10 Heterarchy and the Limits of Global Governance 119 Philip G. Cerny 11 Metropolitan Diplomacy: Global Metropolitan Law and Global Cities Seen from the Heterarchy Perspective 131 Mădălina Virginia Antonescu 12 Heterarchy in an Age of Intangibles and Financialization 143 Philip G. Cerny 13 WTO Dispute Settlement and the Appellate Body Crisis as a Case Study of Heterarchy 155 Judit Fabian 14 Heterarchy and Global Environmental Change 167 Gabriela Kütting 15 Heterarchy and Global Internet Governance: The Case of ICANN 179 Hortense Jongen 16 Heterarchy in the Mexican Competition Network: The Case of COFECE and IFC 190 Alejandra Salas Porras 17 Heterarchy in Russia: Paradoxes of Power 203 Richard Sakwa Index 215 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS Mădălina Virginia Antonescu is a scientific researcher at Bucharest University, Romania. Her research interests are urban politics, cultural anthropology, and international relations. Rosalba Belmonte is a postdoctoral researcher in political sociology at Tuscia University in Viterbo, Italy. Her research interests are the distribution of political power, the state and extra-state authorities, gender relations, and gender-based violence. Alexandre Bohas is Professor at the ESSCA School of Management in Angers, France, and research associate at CERGAM in Aix-Marseille. His research inter- ests are cultural globalization, politics, and business, and transnational governance. Philip G. Cerny is Professor Emeritus of Politics and Global Affairs at the Uni- versity of Manchester, UK, and Rutgers University-Newark, USA. His research interests are the theory of world politics and political economy. Carole L. Crumley is Professor Emerita of Anthropology at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Her research interests are complex adaptive systems in the social sciences, especially governance, and historical ecology. Judit Fabian is currently a post-doctoral visiting researcher at the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs at the University of Ottawa, a fellow at the Canadian Global Affairs Institute, and a core and founding member of the Gender Research Hub of the World Trade Organization. Judit’s overall work cent- ers upon the idea of democratic global economic governance, and her current research focus is world trade politics. viii Notes on Contributors Shahar Hameiri is Professor of International Politics in the School of Politi- cal Science and International Studies, University of Queensland, Australia. His research mainly examines the politics of state transformation, with a particular focus on Southeast Asia, China, and the Pacific. Lee Jones is Professor of Political Economy and International Relations at Queen Mary University of London. His research interests are political economy and the transformation of states and governance, with a particular focus on Southeast Asia and China. Hortense Jongen is Assistant Professor of Politics at the Vrije University Amster- dam and researcher at the University of Gothenburg. Her research interests are the new modes of global governance, with a specific interest in global and regional internet governance and the global fight against corruption. Gabriela Kütting is Professor of Politics and Global Affairs at Rutgers University- Newark, New Jersey. Her research interests are in environmental justice, colonial- ity and the global environment, global governance, and environmental politics. Michael J. Morley is Professor of Management at the Kemmy Business School, University of Limerick, Ireland. His research interests are international and cross- cultural management. Dana-Marie Ramjit is Professor of Public Policy and Administration at Adler University, Vancouver, Canada. Her research interests are postinternationalism, heterarchy, and contemporary governance. Peter Rutland is Professor of Government at Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut. His research interests are nationalism and Russian and East Euro- pean politics. Richard Sakwa is Professor of Russian and European Politics at the University of Kent at Canterbury, Senior Research Fellow at the National Research University— Higher School of Economics, Moscow, and Honorary Professor in the Faculty of Political Science at Moscow State University. His research interests are Russian politics and international relations. Alejandra Salas Porras is Professor of Political Science at the National Autono- mous University of Mexico, Mexico City. Her research interests are national and global elites, the political economy of development, and think tanks. Aleksandra Spalińska is a doctoral student in the Faculty of Political Science and International Studies at the University of Warsaw, Poland. Her research interests Notes on Contributors ix are theorizing world order, international relations theory, research design, non- state actors, and postmodernity. Gita Subrahmanyam is a part-time lecturer at Birkbeck College and other Uni- versity of London institutions, and a part-time international development policy consultant whose clients include UNESCO, African Development Bank, Sida, and GIZ. Her academic research focuses on empires and state theory, while her practical policy work focuses on education and employment.