102 NotesonNumericalFluidMechanicsandMultidisciplinaryDesign(NNFM) Editors W. Schröder/Aachen K. Fujii/Kanagawa W. Haase/München E.H. Hirschel/München B. van Leer/Ann Arbor M.A. Leschziner/London M. Pandolfi/Torino J. Periaux/Paris A. Rizzi/Stockholm B. Roux/Marseille Y. Shokin/Novosibirsk Hermann Schlichting – 100 Years Scientific Colloquium Celebrating the Anniversary of His Birthday, Braunschweig, Germany 2007 Rolf Radespiel Cord-Christian Rossow Benjamin Winfried Brinkmann (Editors) ABC http://www.gereby.com [ wappen schwarz linksbündig ] Prof.Dr.-Ing.RolfRadespiel Dipl.-Ing.BenjaminWinfriedBrinkmann InstitutfürStrömungsmechanik InstitutfürStrömungsmechanik TechnischeUniversitätBraunschweig TechnischeUniversitätBraunschweig BienroderWeg3 BienroderWeg3 38106Braunschweig 38106Braunschweig Germany Germany E-mail:benjamin.brinkmann@ Prof.Dr.-Ing.habil.Cord-ChristianRossow tu-braunschweig.de Institutfür AerodynamikundStrömungstechnik Deutsches Zentrum für Luft-undRaumfahrt Lilienthalplatz7 38108Braunschweig Germany ISBN 978-3-540-95997-7 e-ISBN 978-3-540-95998-4 DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-95998-4 Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design ISSN 1612-2909 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2008944018 (cid:2)c 2009Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg This work is subject to copyright. 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Printedinacid-freepaper 543210 springer.com NNFM Editor Addresses Prof.Dr.WolfgangSchröder Prof.Dr.MaurizioPandolfi (GeneralEditor) PolitecnicodiTorino RWTHAachen DipartimentodiIngegneria LehrstuhlfürStrömungslehreund AeronauticaeSpaziale AerodynamischesInstitut CorsoDucadegliAbruzzi,24 Wüllnerstr.zw.5u.7 I-10129Torino 52062Aachen Italy Germany E-mail:pandolfi@polito.it E-mail:offi[email protected] Prof.Dr.JacquesPeriaux Prof.Dr.KozoFujii 38,BoulevarddeReuilly SpaceTransportationResearchDivision F-75012Paris TheInstituteofSpace France andAstronauticalScience E-mail:[email protected] 3-1-1,Yoshinodai,Sagamihara Kanagawa,229-8510 Prof.Dr.ArthurRizzi Japan DepartmentofAeronautics E-mail:fujii@flab.eng.isas.jaxa.jp KTHRoyalInstituteofTechnology Teknikringen8 Dr.WernerHaase S-10044Stockholm HöhenkirchenerStr.19d Sweden D-85662Hohenbrunn E-mail:[email protected] Germany E-mail:offi[email protected] Dr.BernardRoux L3M–IMTLaJetée Prof.Dr.ErnstHeinrichHirschel TechnopoledeChateau-Gombert (FormerGeneralEditor) F-13451MarseilleCedex20 Herzog-Heinrich-Weg6 France D-85604Zorneding E-mail:[email protected] Germany E-mail:[email protected] Prof.Dr.YuriiI.Shokin SiberianBranchofthe Prof.Dr.BramvanLeer RussianAcademyofSciences DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering InstituteofComputational TheUniversityofMichigan Technologies AnnArbor,MI48109-2140 Ac.LavrentyevaAve.6 USA 630090Novosibirsk E-mail:[email protected] Russia E-mail:[email protected] Prof.Dr.MichaelA.Leschziner ImperialCollegeofScience TechnologyandMedicine AeronauticsDepartment PrinceConsortRoad LondonSW72BY U.K. E-mail:[email protected] Preface Hermann Schlichting is one of the internationally leading scientists in the field of fluid mechanics during the 20th century. He contributed largely to modern theories of viscous flows and aircraft aerodynamics. His famous monographies Boundary Layer Theory and Aerodynamics of Aircraft are known worldwide and they appeared in six languages. He held Chairs of Aerodynamics and Fluid Mechanics at Technische Uni- versität Braunschweig during 37 years and directed the Institute of Aerodynamics of the Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Luftfahrt in Braunschweig. He also directed the Aerodynamische Versuchsanstalt Göttingen and served in the Executive Board of the German Aerospace Center (DFVLR). Hermann Schlichting played a leading role in the rebuilding of aerospace research in Germany after the Second World War. The occasion of his 100th birthday in the year 2007 was an excellent opportunity to acknowledge important ideas and accomplishments that Hermann Schlichting con- tributed to science. The editors of this volume are the present successors of Hermann Schlichting in his role as director of the two research institutes in Braunschweig. We were glad to host a scientific colloquium in his honor on 28 September 2007. Invited former scholars of Hermann Schlichting reviewed his work in boundary layer theory and in aircraft aerodynamics followed by presentations of important research results of his institutes today. This volume contains the manuscripts of the presentations given during the collo- quium. The order of contributions in this book corresponds to that of the sessions of the colloquium. The reviews of Hermann Schlichting’s original research are followed by presentations of selected current research works. These contributions cover the areas of numerical and experimental flow analysis methods and flow research in wings, turbomachinery and high-lift systems. We hope that these contributions pro- vide valuable insight how the work of Hermann Schlichting is carried on today. We express our thanks to the colleagues providing the manuscripts and to B.W. Brinkmann for his careful revision of the book. We are grateful to Prof. Dr. W. Schröder as the General Editor of the “Notes on Numerical Fluid Mech- nanics and Multidisciplinary Design” and to the Springer-Verlag for the opportunity to publish this volume. We wish that the reader of this book enjoys inspiring views of our predecessor Hermann Schlichting and takes advantage of the presentations of current research in aerodynamics. Braunschweig R. Radespiel October 2008 C.-C. Rossow Table of Contents Biography of Professor Hermann Schlichting D. Hummel ...................................................... 1 Hermann Schlichting and the Boundary-Layer Theory K. Gersten....................................................... 3 Hermann Schlichting’s Work and Wake in Airplane-Aerodynamics H. Ko¨rner ....................................................... 18 Numerical Simulation – Complementing Theory and Experiment as the Third Pillar in Aerodynamics C.-C. Rossow and N. Kroll......................................... 39 Modern Wind Tunnel Techniques for Unsteady Testing – Development of Dynamic Test Rigs A. Bergmann..................................................... 59 Principle and Perspective of Optical Multipoint Methods for Aerodynamic Investigations C.J. Ka¨hler ...................................................... 78 The Second International Vortex Flow Experiment (VFE-2) D. Hummel ...................................................... 105 Aerodynamic Wing Design for Transport Aircraft – Today K.H. Horstmann and T. Streit...................................... 130 Passive and Active Methods to Enhance Axial-Flow Compressor Aerodynamics U. Stark and H. Saathoff........................................... 145 Flow Analysis of Augmented High-Lift Systems R. Radespiel, K.-C. Pfingsten, and C. Jensch......................... 168 Dankesrede der Familie Schlichting zum Abschluss des wissenschaftlichen Kolloquiums am 28. Sept. 2007 aus Anlass des 100. Geburtstages von Prof. Dr. Hermann Schlichting in der Aula der TU Braunschweig R. Schlichting .................................................... 190 X Table of Contents Vote of Thanks by the Family Schlichting, Terminating the Scientific Colloquium on September 28, 2007 at the Occasion of the 100th Anniversary of the Birthday of Prof. Dr. Hermann Schlichting R. Schlichting and Transcript by D. Hummel ......................... 191 Author Index................................................... 193 Biography of Professor Hermann Schlichting D. Hummel TU Braunschweig, Institut für Strömungsmechanik, Bienroder Weg 3, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany [email protected] Hermann Schlichting was born on September 22, 1907 in Balje (District Stade, North- ern Lower Saxony, Germany). After his years at High School, he studied from 1926 to 1930 Mathematics, Physics and Applied Mechanics at the Universities of Jena, Wien and Göttingen. In 1930 he wrote his thesis “Über das ebene Windschattenprob- lem” and he got his PhD under Prof. Ludwig Prandtl at the University Göttingen, and in the same year he passed the government examination for teachers in Mathematics and Physics. In 1931 Dr. Hermann Schlichting joined the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Strömungsforschung in Göttingen and worked under Prof. Ludwig Prandtl mainly on viscous flows and boundary layer theory. In 1935 he entered the Dornier Aircraft Company in Friedrichshafen, and the main topic of his work became now the R. Radespiel et al. (Eds.): Hermann Sc hlichting – 100 Years, NNFM 102, pp. 1–2. springerlink.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009 2 D. Hummel aerodynamics of airplanes. He planned the Dornier Low Speed Wind Tunnel, which came into operation after a short construction period. At the age of 30 years, Dr. Hermann Schlichting received 1937 the call of Tech- nische Hochschule Braunschweig to become full professor for Flight Mechanics and director of the Institute of Aerodynamics. At that time a new Centre for Education in Aeronautics “Luftfahrtlehrzentrum” was under construction at the airport Braun- schweig-Waggum, and the 1.2 m Low Speed Wind Tunnel of the Institute of Aerody- namics has been built under its new director. During the Second World War Prof. Schlichting worked on basic problems in airplane aerodynamics such as wing- fuselage interference including swept wings, and he continued his former activities in viscous flows and boundary layer theory. After the destructions due to the Second World War Prof. Schlichting’s university institute was renamed 1945 as Institute of Fluid Mechanics. Since research and educa- tion in aerodynamics of airplanes was forbidden, Prof. Schlichting worked in new fields such as aerodynamics of road vehicles and in turbomachinery, but after some time he was also back in airplane aerodynamics. In 1951 the first edition of his book “Grenzschicht-Theorie” appeared in Germany. In 1953 the Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Luftfahrt (DFL) was reorganized at the airport Braunschweig-Waggum, and in addition to his duties at the TH Braunschweig Prof. Schlichting became the director of the DFL-Institute of Aerodynamics, nowa- days DLR-Institut für Aerodynamik und Strömungstechnik. In 1956 he didn’t follow a call by the TH Munich, but in 1957 he accepted a third duty as director of the Aero- dynamische Versuchsanstalt (AVA) in Göttingen. Prof. Schlichting was an excellent academic lecturer. His famous books “Gren- zschicht-Theorie” (Boundary Layer Theory) and “Aerodynamik des Flugzeuges” (Aerodynamics of the Airplane, together with E. Truckenbrodt) appeared in 11 Edi- tions and were translated into 5 foreign languages. These two books enabled a huge number of students and scientists worldwide to get insight in modern fluid mechanics. Prof. Schlichting guided more than 100 candidates for a doctor’s degree (Dr.-Ing.) and 10 academic lecturers (venia legendi) during the preparation of their theses. Apart from the already mentioned books his own scientific work is documented in more than 100 distinguished publications. (Details may be taken from Hummel, D.: Das wissenschaftliche Lebenswerk von Hermann Schlichting. Z. Flugwiss. Weltraumfor- schung 8, 1984, 1–17). Prof. Schlichting received a large number of awards, and he was honoured by vari- ous international institutions to deliver memorial lectures, and he used them to dis- seminate scientific results produced in his institutes. He retired from all his duties in 1975, but his lectures at the university finally ended 1978. He continued to work on the last Edition of his book “Boundary Layer Theory”. He died on 15 June 1982 in Göttingen. Hermann Schlichting and the Boundary-Layer Theory K. Gersten Ruhr-Universität Bochum Institut für Thermo-und Fluiddynamik D-44780 Bochum, Germany Summary After a short summary of the main features of boundary-layer theory Hermann Schlichting’s contributions to boundary-layer theory are described. They refer to almost all areas of boundary-layer theory. Particularly, the following topics are worth mentioning: laminar-turbulent transition, boundary layers with continuous suction or blowing, boundary layers in cascade flows of turbomachines, boundary layers on rough surfaces, laminar airfoils, heat transfer, automobile aerodynamics. A detailed discussion is devoted to Tollmien-Schlichting waves, to the conception of “equivalent roughness” and to the classic and well-known book “Boundary-Layer Theory”, which are and will always be connected with the name of Hermann Schlichting. 1 Boundary-Layer Theory The boundary-layer theory has been developed by Ludwig Prandtl, who presented the basic conception of this theory for the first time in the year 1904 at the International Mathematical Congress in Heidelberg, [1]. Hence, this theory is in the meantime more than hundred years old. Nevertheless, it is still of great up-to-date interest, [2]. The flow past bodies is governed by the no-slip condition at the body surface, i.e. the fluid “sticks” to the body surface due to intermolecular forces. Figure 1 shows the flow past a symmetric airfoil at zero incidence in a water chan- nel. Aluminium particles have been sprinkled on the surface of the water to make the streamlines visible. The length of each particle streak is proportional to the flow ve- locity. It can be seen, that in the vicinity of the wall there is a thin layer of retarded flow called boundary layer. The thickness of this boundary layer depends on the following parameters: free stream velocity V, body length L, density ρ and viscosity μ of the fluid. The viscosity is a physical property of the fluid describing the friction (tangential) forces in the fluid flow. The English physicist Osborn Reynolds, [3], found out that the flow is not af- fected by these four parameters independently, but rather only by a combination of them which is dimensionless and called Reynolds number ρV L V L Re = = , (1) μ ν where ν=μ /ρ is the kinematic viscosity. The Reynolds number is the most impor- tant dimensionless parameter to characterize the viscosity effects in fluid flows. The R. Radespiel et al. (Eds.): Hermann Schlichting – 100 Years, NNFM 102, pp. 3–17. springerlink.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009