www.free-ebooks-library.com www.free-ebooks-library.com C# 4.0 IN A NUTSHELL www.free-ebooks-library.com C# 4.0 IN A NUTSHELL Fourth Edition Joseph Albahari and Ben Albahari Beijing • Cambridge • Farnham • Köln • Sebastopol • Taipei • Tokyo C# 4.0 in a Nutshell, Fourth Edition by Joseph Albahari and Ben Albahari Copyright © 2010 Joseph Albahari and Ben Albahari. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472. O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are also available for most titles (http://my.safaribooksonline.com). For more infor- mation, contact our corporate/institutional sales department: (800) 998-9938 or [email protected]. Editor: Laurel R.T. Ruma Indexer: John Bickelhaupt Production Editor: Loranah Dimant Cover Designer: Karen Montgomery Copyeditor: Audrey Doyle Interior Designer: David Futato Proofreader: Colleen Toporek Illustrator: Robert Romano Printing History: March 2002: First Edition. August 2003: Second Edition. September 2007: Third Edition. January 2010: Fourth Edition. Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O’Reilly logo are registered trade- marks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. C# 4.0 in a Nutshell, the image of a Numidian crane, and related trade dress are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O’Reilly Media, Inc. was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and authors assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. ISBN: 978-0-596-80095-6 [M] 1263924338 Table of Contents Preface ............................................................ xiii 1. Introducing C# and the .NET Framework ............................ 1 Object Orientation 1 Type Safety 2 Memory Management 2 Platform Support 3 C#’s Relationship with the CLR 3 The CLR and .NET Framework 3 What’s New in C# 4.0 5 2. C# Language Basics .............................................. 7 A First C# Program 7 Syntax 10 Type Basics 12 Numeric Types 21 Boolean Type and Operators 28 Strings and Characters 30 Arrays 32 Variables and Parameters 36 Expressions and Operators 44 Statements 48 Namespaces 56 3. Creating Types in C# ............................................ 63 Classes 63 Inheritance 76 The object Type 85 v Structs 89 Access Modifiers 90 Interfaces 92 Enums 97 Nested Types 100 Generics 101 4. Advanced C# ................................................. 115 Delegates 115 Events 124 Lambda Expressions 130 Anonymous Methods 134 try Statements and Exceptions 134 Enumeration and Iterators 143 Nullable Types 148 Operator Overloading 153 Extension Methods 157 Anonymous Types 160 Dynamic Binding 161 Attributes 169 Unsafe Code and Pointers 170 Preprocessor Directives 174 XML Documentation 176 5. Framework Overview .......................................... 181 The CLR and Core Framework 183 Applied Technologies 187 6. Framework Fundamentals ...................................... 193 String and Text Handling 193 Dates and Times 206 Dates and Time Zones 213 Formatting and Parsing 219 Standard Format Strings and Parsing Flags 225 Other Conversion Mechanisms 232 Globalization 235 Working with Numbers 237 Enums 240 Tuples 244 The Guid Struct 245 Equality Comparison 245 Order Comparison 255 Utility Classes 258 vi | Table of Contents 7. Collections ................................................... 263 Enumeration 263 The ICollection and IList Interfaces 271 The Array Class 273 Lists, Queues, Stacks, and Sets 282 Dictionaries 292 Customizable Collections and Proxies 298 Plugging in Equality and Order 304 8. LINQ Queries ................................................. 311 Getting Started 311 Fluent Syntax 314 Query Expressions 320 Deferred Execution 324 Subqueries 330 Composition Strategies 333 Projection Strategies 337 Interpreted Queries 339 LINQ to SQL and Entity Framework 346 Building Query Expressions 361 9. LINQ Operators ............................................... 367 Overview 369 Filtering 371 Projecting 375 Joining 387 Ordering 394 Grouping 397 Set Operators 400 The Zip Operator 401 Conversion Methods 402 Element Operators 404 Aggregation Methods 406 Quantifiers 411 Generation Methods 412 10. LINQ to XML .................................................. 413 Architectural Overview 413 X-DOM Overview 414 Instantiating an X-DOM 418 Navigating and Querying 420 Updating an X-DOM 425 Working with Values 428 Documents and Declarations 431 Names and Namespaces 434 Table of Contents | vii Annotations 440 Projecting into an X-DOM 441 11. Other XML Technologies ........................................ 447 XmlReader 448 XmlWriter 457 Patterns for Using XmlReader/XmlWriter 459 XmlDocument 463 XPath 466 XSD and Schema Validation 471 XSLT 474 12. Disposal and Garbage Collection ................................. 475 IDisposable, Dispose, and Close 475 Automatic Garbage Collection 480 Finalizers 482 How the Garbage Collector Works 487 Managed Memory Leaks 491 Weak References 494 13. Diagnostics and Code Contracts .................................. 499 Conditional Compilation 499 Debug and Trace Classes 502 Code Contracts Overview 506 Preconditions 510 Postconditions 514 Assertions and Object Invariants 517 Contracts on Interfaces and Abstract Methods 518 Dealing with Contract Failure 519 Selectively Enforcing Contracts 521 Static Contract Checking 523 Debugger Integration 524 Processes and Process Threads 525 StackTrace and StackFrame 526 Windows Event Logs 528 Performance Counters 530 The Stopwatch Class 535 14. Streams and I/O .............................................. 537 Stream Architecture 537 Using Streams 539 Stream Adapters 552 File and Directory Operations 559 Memory-Mapped Files 569 Compression 571 viii | Table of Contents