HERBAL CURES: TRADITIONAL APPROACH Dr. D.A.Patil did his M.Sc. and Ph.D. in Botany from Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University (Aurangabad, M.S.) with Angiosperm as a subject of specialization in 1978 and 1983 respectively. He has about 29 years of research and teaching experience at graduate and post- graduate classes. His major research interest includes Taxonomy and Anatomy of Angiosperms, Floristics, Ethnobotany and Etymology. He has authored (i) Key to the Angiospermic Families of North Maharashtra, (ii)Flora of Dhule and Nandurbar Districts (Maharashtra), (iii) Origins of Plant Names, and co-authored, (iv) Ethnobotany of Nasik District (Maharashtra), (v) Ethnobotany of Jalgaon District (Maharashtra) and (vi) Forest Flora of Jalgaon District (Maharashtra). He has also edited a proceeding, 'Plant Diversity and Biotechnology'. He has 132 research papers to his credit published in national, international journals and journals of CSIR, India. Apart from his participation in several national and international conferences and symposia in India and abroad, many students in botany received his guidance for Ph.D. and M.Phil. degrees. He is member of Editorial Boards of four national journals and acted as a referee for Ph.D. and M.Phil. degrees for other universities. He has been awarded: (i) Dr. M.s. Swaminathan Award (1996) by Indian Botanical Society, (ii) Scientist of the Year 2004 by National Environmental Science Academy, (iii) Jivaka Ayurved Vishwa Sanman (2006) by International Academy of Indian Medicine and (iv) Life Time Education Achievement Award 2007 by Health and Education Development Association. He is ex-Dean, Faculty of Science, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon, M.S. and also Ex-Chairman, Board of Studies in Botany of the same university. He is member of many prestigious academic and scientific bodies and societies. He also contributes for Marathi Daily news papers and creates interest about plants by delivering talks especially for younger generation. HERBAL CURES TRADITIONAL APPROACH Editor Dr. D.A. PatH M.Sc., Ph.D. (Botany) Reader Post-Graduate Department of Botany S.S.V.P. Sanstha's L.K. Dr. P.R. Ghogrey Science College, Dhule-424 005 (Maharashtra) Aavishkar Publishers, Distributors Jaipur 302 003 (Raj.) India First Published in 2008 by Prem C. Bakliwal for Aavishkar Publishers, Distributors 807, Vyas Building, Chaura Rasta Jaipur 302 003 (Raj.) India Phone: 0141-2578159 e-mail: PREFACE The science of medicine, whether traditional or folkloric, has undergone a phenomenal growth with a concomitant increase of interest among the plant scientists, ethnobotanists, anthropologists, pharmacologists, medicinal chemists and druggists. Medicine differs materially from other branches of knowledge like algebra, trigonometry, astronomy and the like. In other branches, independent development of each would be required before the principles of one be applied to the purposes of the other. But this is not the case in medicine. Medicine is developed from a desire from within, and not from any foreign impetus. Ailment! disease is not separate companion of life. The desire springs with the ailment simultaneously which soon turns into the effort to heal. It is this effort that has gone by the name of 'medicine' in every society, whether primitive or advanced. Also the origin of medicine cannot be traced to one man. It is natural and traditional in origin. The traditional communities living close to the nature acquired knowledge about the use of plant species. After a long period of observation and analysis, trial and errors, experimentation, apart from intuitive method, the innovative individuals of societies select and realize usefulness of the flora in their ambience. Their plantlore passes over generations. The development of medicine starts from tapping the traditional/indigenous wisdom after establishing rapport with the indigenous people. Bioassay-guided fractionation and determination of molecular structure are necessary. The task does not end with these in recent times. The IPR and benefit-sharing completes the success story of drug development. Thus a synergetic effort is needed involving the scientists from different disciplines, technologists and legal advisers. The present book 'Herbal Cures : Traditional Approach' includes total 22 articles on traditional plant uses in family welfare, wound care, diabetes and skin afflictions, ethnobotanical or ethnomedicinal plants from West Rarrh (West Bengal). Jharkhand, North Gujarat and Western Orissa, ethnotherapeutic leads from tribals of Orissa, ethnomedicinalleads from modern drug development programmes, parasitic angiosperms from mythology to medicine, graphic review of ethnbotany in Chhatisgarh and vi veterinary medicines of Gond tribals (Madhya Pradesh). It also covers topics on development and standardization of herbal medicine, methods of tribal drug purification, ethnomedicinal uses of Neem plant and traditional knowledge with particular emphasis on ethnomedicines/traditional medicines. Articles on recent approaches in phytochemical and biological importance of Calendula officinalis, in vitro regeneration and phytochemical screening, antibacterial activity and hypoglycaemic effects of Ocimum sanctum. This book is the outcome of efforts of the experts. Their ideas, experience, thoughts and opinions shaped the book significantly and would be valuable immensely to its users. It will help popularize the subject of traditional medicine and provide instructions for the learners. I thank heartly to all honourable experts/ authors for contributing in such a scientific pursuit. The opinions and text contained herein are those of the contributors. The book will cater to the immediate needs of students, teachers and research workers. I would appreciate to pass on comments and suggestions from the users of this book which will help improve the future edition or print. Throughout its preparation, well wishers and colleagues freely gave their help and advice. It is thankfully acknowledged. I particularly appreciate and acknowledge the painstaking effort of Mr. Akshay Jain of Aavishkar Publishers, Distributors aaipur, Rajasthan) for publishing this book with full zeal and zest. Dhule (Maharashtra) Dr. D. A. Patil CONTENTS Preface v Contributors ix Lit of Colour Plates xiii 1. Traditional Use of Plants in India in Family Welfare 1 - Priyadarshan Sensarma 2 Development and Standardization of Herbal Medicines : An Overview of Current Status 41 - c.P. Malik, Bhavneet Kaur, Aman Verma and Chitra Wadhwani 3. Plants Used in Wound Care 76 - Richa Deo and Usha Mukundan 4. Traditional Knowledge : Views, Necessity and Prospects 105 -D.A. Patil 5. Ethnomedical Leads and Good Raw Drug Handling Practices for Modern Drug Development Programme 115 -M. Brahmam 6. Ethnotherapeutic Leads from the Tribals of Orissa (India) to Control Diabetes mellitus 129 -M. Brahmam 7. In vitro Regeneration, Phytochemical Screening, Antibacterial Activity and Hypoglycemic Effect of Ocimum sanctum L. 145 - N. Chandrakala, E. Jennifer Nancy Rani, M. Prabakaran and M. Ayyavoo 8. Ethnomedicinal Plants of North Gujarat Part-I 158 - N.K. Patel, I.c. Patel, A. R. Seliya and D.N. Parmar viii 9. Ethnomedicinal Plants of North Gujarat Part-II 197 - N.K. Patel, I.C Patel, A. R. Seliya and D.N. Parmar 10. Folk Remedies against Skin Afflictions in Maharashtra 218 - Shubhangi Pawar, M. V. Patil and D.A. Patil 11. Ethnomedicinal Plants of Jharkhand, India 248 - Harish Singh 12. The Parasitic Angiosperms: From Mythology to Medicine 264 - R.B. ladhav, S.P. Bhatnagar and 5.1. Surana 13. In vitro Anthelmintic Activity of Some Medicinal Plants of Genus Buhinia Linn. 285 - Ravindra G. Mali, Shailaja G. Mahajan and Anita A. Mehta 14. Medicinal Uses of Plants as Revealed from Tribal Communities in Purulia District, West Bengal 295 - Sujit Kumar MandaI and Ambarish Mukherjee 15. Indigenous Knowledge of Veterinary Medicines among Gond Tribals of Noradehi Wildlife Sanctuary (M.P.) 302 - Anjali Rawat, Arti Gupta and T.R. Sahu 16. Ethnobotany of Western Orissa, India 316 -L.M. Behera and S. K. Sen 17. Ethnobotanical Survey in West Rarrh for Natural Health Care and Green Belt Movement 332 - Ashis Ghosh 18. Ethnobotany in Chhattisgarh (India) : A Graphic Review and Future Directions 340 - Amia Tirkey 19. Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) : A Panacea 348 - M. V. Patil, Shubhangi Pawar and D.A. Patil 20. Phytochemical and Biological Importance of Calendula officinalis L. 368 - Madhurima, S.H. Ansari, Md. Sohail Akhtar and Prawez Alam 21. Methods of Purification of Tribal Drugs in India 387 -D.C Pal and CR. Paul 22. Ethnobotanical Heritage on Traditional Drug Practices Relating to Diabetes in Magadh Region (Bihar) 390 - R.K. Goel, Rajul Goel, B.K. Prasad and D.K. Yadav CONTRIBUTORS Akhtar, Md. Sohail Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Jamia Hamdard, (Hamdard University), New Delhi-110 062. Alam, Prawez Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Jamia Hamdard, (Hamdard University), New Delhi-l1O 062. Ansari, S.H. Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Jamia Hamdard, (Hamdard University), New Delhi-110 062. Ayyavoo, M. Sri Gowri Biotech Research Academy, Nagai Main Road, Thanjavur-613 001, Tamil Nadu, India. Behera, L.M. P.G. Deptartment of Botany, G.M. (Auto.) College, Sambalpur-768 001. Bhatnagar, S.P. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BirIa Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi-835 215. Brahmam, M. Regional Research Laboratory (C.S.I.R.), Bhubaneswar-751 013, Orissa. ChandrakaIa, N. P.G. & Research Department of Microbiology, Ponnaiyah Ramajayam College, Thanjavur-614 904 Tamil Nadu.