Henry VIII and Francis I History of Warfare Editors Kelly DeVries Loyola College, Maryland John France University of Wales, Swansea Michael S. Neiberg University of Southern Mississippi Frederick Schneid High Point University, North Carolina VOLUME 66 Henry VIII and Francis I The Final Conflict, 1540–1547 By David Potter LEIDEN • BOSTON 2011 On the cover: Detail from The Siege of Boulogne by King Henry VIII. MDXLIV. Engraved from a Coeval Painting, at Cowdray in Sussex, the Seat of Lord Viscount Montague. Drawn from the Original, by S.H. Grimm. Engraved by James Basire, 1788. Sumpti- bus Societatis Antiquariorum Londini. Published according to Act of Parliament, 23rd April, 1788. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Potter, David, 1948– Henry VIII and Francis I : the final conflict, 1540–1547 / by David Potter. p. cm. — (History of warfare ; v. 66) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-20431-7 (hardback : acid-free paper) 1. Great Britain—History, Military—1485–1603. 2. France—History, Military—1328–1589. 3. Henry VIII, King of England, 1491–1547. 4. Francis I, King of France, 1494–1547. 5. Great Britain—Foreign relations—France. 6. France—Foreign relations—Great Britain. 7. Great Britain—History—Henry VIII, 1509–1547. 8. France—History—Francis I, 1515–1547. I. Title. II. Series. DA339.P68 2011 942.05’2—dc22 2011007356 ISSN 1385-7827 ISBN 978 90 04 20431 7 Copyright 2011 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. 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CONTENTS List of Maps ........................................................................................ ix List of Illustrations ............................................................................ xi Abbreviations ..................................................................................... xiii Notes .................................................................................................... xv Note on Presentation .................................................................... xv Note on Money .............................................................................. xv Preface ................................................................................................. xvii Maps ..................................................................................................... xix Introduction ........................................................................................ 1 Ι. ‘Whomever I join will (God willing) be the victor’: The Road to War ................................................................................ 33 Henry and Francis: Perpetual Allies or Wary Opponents? ............................................................................. 33 Henry, Francis and the German Princes ................................ 48 Pulling Back from the Brink (1541–1542) ............................. 55 ‘To make the worlde newe again’: Henry and the Emperor ............................................................................ 66 The French Rearguard Action for Peace with England ....... 79 ΙΙ. ‘Dancing to the French Tune?:’ Scotland between England and France ................................................................................... 86 Scotland and Henry VIII .......................................................... 86 The Anglo-Scottish War, 1542–1543 ...................................... 93 French Intervention, 1543 ........................................................ 100 The English Invasion of 1544 ................................................... 107 Scottish Revenge, French Intervention, 1545 ........................ 111 ΙΙΙ. England and the Wars in Flanders, 1542–1543 .................... 120 Border Tensions ......................................................................... 121 Watching from the Sidelines (June 1542–June 1543) .......... 124 Open War: Border Conflict and Wallop’s March to Landrecies (June–December 1543) ..................................... 136 vi contents IV. ‘Fighting over the Bear’s Skin’: The Invasion of France (1544) ........................................................................... 153 The Anglo-Imperial Plan of Campaign ............................... 153 The French Attempt to Divide Their Enemies .................. 160 A Strategy in Dispute ............................................................. 166 Invasion: Montreuil ................................................................ 172 Invasion: Boulogne ................................................................. 184 French Defence Strategy ........................................................ 189 The Fall of Boulogne and French Attempts at Recapture ............................................................................. 197 V. An Unequal Contest? English Military Organisation, 1542–1547 ................................................................................ 205 Command and Control .......................................................... 209 Recruitment and Organisation ............................................. 214 The Flanders Campaign ......................................................... 218 By Land and Sea: The Expedition to Scotland, 1544 ........ 220 The Army Royal in France, 1544 ......................................... 223 Armies for the Defence of Boulogne, 1545–1546 ............. 235 Supply, Provisioning and Transport .................................... 236 Paying for War ........................................................................ 243 The Panoply of War ............................................................... 257 VI. The War in France, 1545–1546 ............................................ 266 The Renewal of War around Boulogne, 1545 .................... 266 Military Confrontation in France ........................................ 272 Final Phase: Surrey and Hertford Face du Biez ................ 286 Digging In: French and English Fortifications around Boulogne .............................................................................. 294 VII. France and England Compete for Troops: The Mercenary Market, 1543–1546 ..................................... 305 France and the Mercenary Market ...................................... 307 The Landenberg Fiasco: Henry VIII’s Quest for Mercenaries, 1544 ............................................................... 310 The Anglo-French Duel in Germany, 1545 ........................ 316 Changing Terms of Trade: 1546 .......................................... 336 VIII. The Admirals’ War ................................................................. 347 The French War Effort at Sea ............................................... 347 contents vii The Navy of Henry VIII ........................................................... 362 The Campaign in the English Channel, 1545 ....................... 375 IX. ‘To entreate with the sworde in hand:’ Imperial and Protestant Mediation (1544–1546) .......................................... 391 England, France and the Emperor, 1544–1545 ..................... 391 The German Protestants as Mediators ................................... 399 Charles V as Mediator Again, Autumn 1545 ........................ 402 Protestant Mediation at Calais, Autumn 1545 ..................... 410 X. The Admirals’ Peace: The Treaty of Ardres-Guînes (June 1546) .................................................................................. 427 The Need for Peace .................................................................... 428 A Mediator from Venice .......................................................... 432 Preparations ................................................................................ 438 Haggling over Terms ................................................................. 442 ‘He never brake in his hert nor never will’: The Renewal of Amity ....................................................................................... 456 Conclusion The End of Two Reigns ........................................... 462 Appendices 1. The Battle (1544) .................................................................... 485 2. Planning for Wallop’s army, 1543 ...................................... 486 3. The Fleet for Scotland, 1544 ................................................. 488 4. The Rearguard, 1544 .............................................................. 494 5. The Retinue of Thomas Cawarden (1 August–15 September 1544) ..................................................................... 498 6. Coat and Conduct Money for the Army, July–August 1545 ................................................................... 500 7. Hertford’s Army, January 1546 ........................................... 503 8. Expenses of French and Scottish wars, 1542–1550: ‘A Brief declaration wherein are conteyned the greate and notable chardges of warres’ ....................... 507 9. Estimates for the Cost of the War for Three Months from the Time of Henry VIII’s Departure from Calais, 1544 (By Richard Rich as Treasurer of the Wars) ........... 514 10. Expenses of the Rearguard, 4 May 1544– 5 November 1544 ................................................................... 516 11. The English Garrison at Boulogne ...................................... 518 viii contents 12. Sir Hugh Paulet’s Account as Treasurer of Boulonnais, 13 September 1544–27 August 1546 ................................... 519 13. France, Summary State Budgets 1515–1549 ..................... 520 14. Annebault’s Embassy in August 1546 ................................ 522 15. French Military Resources in Royal Propaganda: 1542 ................................................................... 524 Bibliography ........................................................................................ 527 Index .................................................................................................... 545 LIST OF MAPS 1. Strategic map of Anglo-French campaigns ........................ xix 2. The Anglo-French-Flemish frontiers, 1537–1551 .............. xx 3. The Anglo-French border, 1544–1547 ................................. xxi 4. The march to Landrecies, 1543 ............................................. xxii 5. The Anglo-Imperial Invasion of France, 1544 ................... xxiii 6. Recruiting zones in Germany, 1544–1546 .......................... xxiv 7. The English coast and naval war in Scotland, 1542–1544 ................................................................................. xxv 8. The Siege of Boulogne, 1544 ................................................. xxvi 9. The Siege of Montreuil, 1544 ................................................ xxvii 10. The naval battle on the Solent-Spithead, July 1545 ........... xxviii 11. The Anglo-French naval campaign, July–August 1545 .... xxix