Tropical Natural History 21(2): 209–217, August 2021 ©2021 by Chulalongkorn University Helminth Parasites Found in Rhacophorid Frog, Polypedates braueri (Vogt, 1911), from Taiwan HIDEO HASEGAWA1* AND HIDETOSHI OTA2,3 1Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1–1 Idaigaoka, Hasama, Yufu, Oita 879–5593, JAPAN 2Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903–0213, JAPAN 3Present address: Institute of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Hyogo, and Museum of Nature and Human Activities, 6 Yayoigaoka, Sanda, Hyogo 669–1546, JAPAN *Corresponding author. Hideo Hasegawa ([email protected]) Received: 23 January 2021; Accepted: 28 March 2021 ABSTRACT.– Three species of nematodes, Oswaldocruzia japalurae, Cosmocerca sp. and Cosmocercella iwatsukii, and one acanthocephalan, Pseudoacanthocephalus cf. bufonis, were collected from Polypedates braueri, a rhacophorid frog native to Taiwan and the eastern part of subtropical continental Asia. Cosmocercella iwatsukii was first collected outside of the type locality on Okinawajima Island. The problem in identification of Cosmocerca parasitic in amphibians of Japan and Taiwan is discussed from a historical viewpoint. KEY WORDS: Endoparasites, Oswaldocruzia, Cosmocerca, Cosmocercella, Pseudoacanthocephalus INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS Only a few records of helminths have been The frog (male, snout-vent length 55 mm) documented in frogs of the genus Polypedates was caught at night in Waishuangxi, Taipei, Tschudi, 1838 from Taiwan: Myers and Kuntz Taiwan, 26 April 2006. It was anesthetized (1970) found Cosmocercoides pulcher Wilkie, in 10% ethanol following the guidelines for 1930 from ‘Polypedates leucomystax use of live amphibians and reptiles in field (Gravenhorst, 1829)’, and Yang et al. (2014) research compiled by ASIH, HL, and SSAR reported two nematodes, Oswaldocruzia (http://erenweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/ hoepplii Hsü, 1935 and Cosmocerca ornata GUIDELINES-FOR-USE-OF-LIVE-AMPHIBIANS- (Dujardin, 1845), and one acanthocephalan, AND-REPTILES-IN-FIELD-RESEARCH.pdf). Pseudoacanthocephalus bufonis (Shipley, Then, a ventral incision was made on the 1903) from Polypedates megacephalus abdomen to remove the viscera. The Hallowell, 1861, an alien congener. The exact alimentary canal and lungs were opened in host species in Myers and Kuntz (1970) must a 0.6% saline to recover living helminths. be P. braueri (see Kuraishi et al., 2011) Nematodes were fixed in hot (70° C) 70% because the invasion of P. megacephalus to ethanol while acanthocephalans were Taiwan was first recorded in 2006 (Yang, pressed between two glass slides and fixed 2011; Lee et al., 2019). We had an opportunity in 70% ethanol at room temperature. They to examine one individual of P. braueri were cleared in a glycerol-ethanol solution captured in Taiwan and found four helminth (glycerol 5: 70% ethanol 95) by species new to this host frog. They are reported evaporating ethanol and mounted on herein to supplement the previous data. glass slides with a 50% glycerol aqueous 210 TROPICAL NATURAL HISTORY 21(2), AUGUST 2021 solution for observation under an Lin, 1980). Subsequently, three other lizards Olympus BX50 microscope equipped of Taiwan, D. polygonatum xanthostoma with a differential interference contrast (Ota, 1991), Plestiodon elegans (Boulenger, apparatus. Voucher helminth specimens 1887) and Sphenomorphus indicus (Gray, and the host frog were deposited in the 1853), also were reported to harbor this Meguro Parasitological Museum (MPM), species (Norval et al., 2014). In the Ryukyu Tokyo, and in the Zoological Collection, Archipelago, it has been found in two lizard Kyoto University (KUZ), Kyoto, taxa, D. polygonatum ishigakiense (Van respectively. Unpublished measurements Denburgh, 1912) from Ishigakijima and of Oswaldocruzia japalurae collected Miyakojima Islands and in Scincella boettgeri from saurians on Miyakojima Island, (Van Denburgh, 1912) on Miyakojima Island, Japan, were also used for comparison. and also from four frogs, Polypedates leucomystax, Zhangixalus owstoni (Stejneger, 1907), Buergeria choui Matsui et Tominaga, RESULTS 2020 and Kurixalus eiffingeri (Boettger, 1895) of the Yaeyama Islands (Hasegawa and Three species of nematodes, i.e., Iwatsuki, 1984; Hasegawa et al., 2018). Oswaldocruzia japalurae Jiang & Lin, Such a diversified host preference is not 1980, a Cosmocerca sp., and Cosmocercella surprising because species of the genus iwatsukii Hasegawa, 1989, and one Oswaldocruzia often show wide host range acanthocephalan, Pseudoacanthocephalus encompassing both amphibians and reptiles cf. bufonis were collected (Table 1). Short (see Baker, 1987). Although not mentioned remarks are given for each of the species previously, O. japalurae is characterized by found: having well developed cervical alae, being 1. Oswaldocruzia japalurae Jiang & Lin, readily distinguished from O. hoepplii and 1980 (Trichostrongyloidea: Molineidae) O. insulae Morishita, 1926, which are also This nematode was originally described distributed in the Southern Ryukyus from a tree lizard, Diploderma swinhonis (Hasegawa, 1989b; Hasegawa et al., 2018). (Günther, 1864), from Taiwan (Jiang and TABLE 1. Helminths collected from Polypedates braueri of Waishuangxi, Taipei, Taiwan. Helminth species No. of worms collected Site of infection MPM Coll. No. Nematoda Oswaldocruzia japalurae 8 (4 mature males; 3 gravid females; 1 larva) Small intestine 21726 Cosmocerca sp. 1 (non-gravid female) Rectum 21727 Cosmocercella iwatsukii 30 (10 mature males; 1 non-gravid female; 19 Rectum 21728 larvae) Acanthocephala Pseudoacanthocephalus cf. bufonis 2 (2 males) Small intestine 21729 HASEGAWA AND OTA — HELMINTH PARASITES FOUND IN RHACOPHORID FROG 211 FIGURE 1. Oswaldocruzia japalurae collected from Polypedates braueri of Taiwan. A, B. Anterior extremity of male, left lateral (A) and ventral (B) views. C. Posterior extremity of male, left lateral view. D. Vulval region of female showing ovejector, left lateral view. E. Posterior extremity of female, left lateral view. Abbreviations: an, anus; bc, bursa copulatrix; ca, cervical ala; cv, cervical vesicle; de, deirid; eg, egg; es, esophagus; ex, excretory pore; i, intestine; nr, nerve ring; ovj, ovejector; sp, spicule; vl, vulva. The present worms from P. braueri are wide, commencing at a distance of 0.17 mm morphologically identical with the original from the cephalic apex and terminating 0.19 description and hitherto-known specimens mm from the caudal apex. From the (Figs. 1A – E). Meanwhile, the measurements Taiwanese frogs and toads, Cosmocerca ornata differed greatly among the worms from the (Dujardin, 1845) and C. japonica Yamaguti, different hosts (Table 2). The worms from 1938 have been recorded (Yamaguti and tree lizards were larger while those from the Mitunaga, 1943; Myers and Kuntz, 1970; skinks were smaller, possibly related to the Norval et al., 2013a, b; Yang et al., 2014). difference of host body size. Species identification of the present material 2. Cosmocerca sp. (Cosmocercoidea: is withheld because no male worms were Cosmocercidae) collected and DNA sequence data were not Only one female was found. The body available (see Discussion below). was 6.70 mm long and 0.48 mm wide in 3. Cosmocercella iwatsukii Hasegawa, 1989 midbody. The pharynx was 65 µm long × 40 (Cosmocercoidea: Cosmocercidae) µm wide; the esophageal corpus was 0.55 This species was first found in one of 14 mm long × 55 µm wide; the isthmus was 55 individuals of Zhangixalus viridis (Hallowell, µm long × 50 µm wide; the esophageal bulb 1861) of Kunigami, Okinawajima Island was 0.13 mm long × 0.15 mm wide. (Hasegawa, 1989a), but thereafter no additional Distances from the cephalic apex to the worms have been recorded. Hence, this is nerve ring, excretory pore and vulva were the second report of C. iwatsukii, with P. 0.35 mm, 0.56 mm and 3.60 mm, braueri and Taiwan being its new host and respectively. The lateral alae were 13 µm locality records, respectively. The present 212 TROPICAL NATURAL HISTORY 21(2), AUGUST 2021 TABLE 2. Morphometric comparison between Okinawan and Taiwanese specimens of Oswaldocruzia japalurae (Mean followed by range in parenthesis in µm unless otherwise stated) Host Polypedates braueri Diploderma swinhonis Diploderma polygonatum ishigakiense Scincella boettgeri Locality Waishuangxi, Taichung, Taiwan Miyakojima Is., Okinawa Miyakojima Is., Okinawa Taipei, Taiwan Source Present study Jiang & Lin (1980) Present study Present study Male [No. measured] [4] [8] [3] [3] Body length, mm 5.13 (4.30 – 6.04) 7.35 – 8.17 6.85 (6.50 – 7.18) 2.59 (2.00 – 3.17) Body width 126 (107 – 155) 175 – 210 179 (173 – 185) 70 (58 – 88) Cephalic vesicle length 69 (65 – 73) 69 (58 – 78) 58 (55 – 63) Cephalic vesicle width 35 (33 – 36) 43 (40 – 45) 36 (35 – 38) Esophageal length 306 (295 – 325) 350 – 433 407 (400 – 420) 277 (265 – 288) [n = 2] Esophageal width 47 (45 – 50) 64 (63 – 65) 31 (28 – 33) [n = 2] Nerve ring* 150 (140 – 163) 154 – 208 175 (168 – 185) 129 (108 – 143) Deirids* 249 (235 – 270) 273 (255 – 285) 198 (175 – 225) Excretory pore* 212 (205 – 223) 215 (203 – 223) 171 (143 – 210) Spicule length 185 (172 – 198) 183 – 252 189 (185 – 193) 139 (129 – 145) Female [No. measured] [3] [6] [9] [4] Body length, mm 7.52 (6.81 – 8.66) 9.52 – 10.74 11.46 (8.68 – 13.60) 6.20 (5.00 – 7.06) Body width 139 (128 – 145) 168 – 211 174 (145 – 203) 106 (90 – 125) Cephalic vesicle length 70 (68 – 73) 80 (75 – 85) 65 (63 – 68) Cephalic vesicle width 36 (33 – 38) 46 (43 – 48) 40 (38 – 41) Esophageal length 348 (335 – 360) 317 – 400 431 (410 – 450) 346 (325 – 365) Esophageal width 51 (49 – 53) 67 (60 – 73) 45 (39 – 48) Nerve ring* 160 (160 – 183) 100 – 167 176 (143 – 198) 167 (155 – 183) Deirids* 260 (260) [n = 3] 280 (235 – 313) 245 (225 – 265) Excretory pore* 214 (205 – 220) 234 (213 – 255) 204 (180 – 223) Vulva**, mm 2.59 (2.27 – 3.12) 3.33 – 3.81 3.84 (2.80 – 4.82) 1.94 (1.50 – 2.35) Ovejector length 393 (375 – 420) 547 (480 – 640) 365 (350 – 380) Tail length 112 (96 – 122) 125 (120 – 138) 95 (88 – 100) Egg 80 (73 – 88) 46 – 62 85 (80 – 90) 84 (80 – 88) x 47 (43 – 50) x 33 – 42 x 47 (45 – 50) x 46 (43 – 48) * Distance from cephalic apex ** Distance from caudal apex worms from P. braueri are morphologically 4. Pseudoacanthocephalus cf. bufonis much similar to the holotype in original (Echinorhynchidae) description (Figs. 2A – D), though there are The aspinose trunk was spindle-shaped some differences in measurements (Table lacking a narrower region in the middle, 3). The body lengths of the male worms 9.5–10.1 mm long × 1.6–1.8 mm wide. The from P. braueri and Z. viridis overlapped proboscis was cylindrical, 0.55–0.63 mm though the former tended to be a little long × 0.29–0.31 mm wide, ornamented smaller. Meanwhile, the body width and the with 16 hook rows, each composed of 5–6 tail length were larger in the males parasitic hooks of which anterior ones the longest. in P. braueri than those in Z. viridis. The lemnesci were 1.04–1.18 mm in length, Likewise, the unique female from P. braueri much longer than the proboscis receptacle, had a longer tail (Table 3). which was 0.55–0.63 mm long. The cement HASEGAWA AND OTA — HELMINTH PARASITES FOUND IN RHACOPHORID FROG 213 FIGURE 2. Cosmocercella iwatsukii collected from Polypedates braueri of Taiwan. A. Anterior extremity of male, left lateral view. B. Posterior extremity of male, left lateral view. C. Vulval region of female, left lateral view. D. Posterior extremity of female, left lateral view. Abbreviations: an, anus; eb, esophageal bulb; ec, esophageal corpus; ex, excretory pore; i, intestine; ph, pharynx; rp, rosette papillae; sp, spicule; vl, vulva. glands were 6 in number, forming a cluster. called P. bufonis (M. Nakao, personal According to the keys proposed by Amin et commun. see Hasegawa et al., 2018). In the al. (2008) and Tkach et al. (2013), the recent reports, species identification was present males could be assigned to withheld (Hasegawa et al., 2018; Nagasawa Pseudoacanthocephalus bufonis (Shipley, and Nakamura, 2018). 1903). This acanthocephalan is distributed widely in Central Asia, Southeast Asia, East DISCUSSION Asia and on Pacific islands (Amin et al., 2008; Bush et al., 2009; Tkach et al., 2013). The identification of Cosmocerca species Its presence in the Ryukyus and Taiwan has in the Far East has been confused. Yamaguti been already reported (Hasegawa, 1984; (1938) established C. japonica but compared Norval et al., 2013a, 2014; Hasegawa and it only with C. parva (Travassos, 1925), a Ota, 2017, Uchida and Ooi, 2018). South American congener. Moreover, he However, recent DNA sequence analysis gave only a diagrammatic figure of female suggested presence of cryptic species in so- 214 TROPICAL NATURAL HISTORY 21(2), AUGUST 2021 TABLE 3. Morphometric comparison between Okinawan and Taiwanese specimens of Cosmocercella iwatsukii (Mean followed by range in parenthesis in µm unless otherwise stated) Host Polypedates braueri Zhangixalus viridis Polypedates braueri Zhangixalus viridis Locality Waishuangxi, Taipei, Hentona, Kunigami, Waishuangxi, Taipei, Hentona, Kunigami, Taiwan Okinawajima Is., Japan Taiwan Okinawajima Is., Japan Source Present study Hasegawa (1989) Present study Hasegawa (1989) Sex [No. worms measured] Male [10] Male [15] Female [1] Female [16] Body length, mm 1.66 (1.58 – 1.75) 1.71 (1.66 – 1.80) 1.92 2.04 (1.96 – 2.15) Body width 79 (73 – 93) 68 (65 – 70) 90 119 (108 – 130) Pharynx length 14 (13 – 16) 19 (15 – 21) 15 21 (18 – 25) Esophageal corpus length 270 (255 – 290) 295 (280 – 330) 322 327 (310 – 340) Esophageal corpus width 22 (20 – 25) 24 (23 – 25) 28 28 (25 – 30) Esophageal bulb length 59 (55 – 68) 62 (58 – 63) 70 70 (65 – 73) Esophageal bulb width 45 (41 – 48) 51 (48 – 55) 53 60 (58 – 63) Nerve ring* 169 (160 – 178) 154 (143 – 168) 180 167 (153 – 180) Excretory pore* 259 (248 – 265) 282 (270 – 310) 295 323 (310 – 340) Spicule length 141 (128 – 153) 135 (128 – 145) – – Vulva* – – 1.03 1.16 (1.09 – 1.24) Tail length 161 (150 – 170) 135 (123 – 143) 220 187 (168 – 203) * Distance from cephalic apex reproductive organs along with photomicrographs and Kuntz (1970) recorded both C. japonica of female general view and perianal region and P. mucronata from Duttaphrynus of a male in lateral view. Apparently, he melanostictus (Schneider, 1799) and Bufo mistook the gubernaculum as a single bankorensis (Barbour, 1908), while they spicule, though Travassos (1925) recognized also recorded the latter nematode from Rana two spicules and a gubernaculum in C. spp. and Microhyla fissipes Boulenger, 1884 parva. Thereafter, Cosmocerca nematodes but without giving any annotation to justify from Japanese amphibians have been their identification. Later, Chabaud (1978) identified as C. japonica (see Uchida et al., pointed out the mistake of the gubernaculum 2019). Some records of this species also as a spicule by Kung and Wu (1945), and have been made from Taiwan, the Philippines synonymized Paracosmocerca with and Vietnam (see Baker, 1987). In continental Cosmocerca. Subsequently, Baker and China, Kung and Wu (1945) erected a new Vaucher (1984) synonymized P. mucronata genus Paracosmocerca with P. mucronata with C. ornata. They considered that C. Kung & Wu, 1945 as the type species. They ornata not only was distributed widely in also mistook the gubernaculum as a spicule, the Old World, but also in South America. and differentiated their new genus from Although they argued the distinguishing Cosmocerca by this feature. Apparently, characteristics of C. ornata are mostly Kung and Wu (1945) did not know the shared with C. japonica, they did not refer paper by Yamaguti (1938), possibly due to to Yamaguti’s (1938) work at all. Later, difficulties in scientific exchange between Baker (1987) listed C. japonica as a valid Japan and China during the wartime. taxon in his synopsis of parasitic nematodes The establishment of P. mucronata of amphibians and reptiles. In recent years, caused further confusion. In Taiwan, Myers Taiwanese specimens of Cosmocerca have HASEGAWA AND OTA — HELMINTH PARASITES FOUND IN RHACOPHORID FROG 215 been identified as C. ornata only (Norval et vicariant events, such as the complicated al., 2013a, b; Yang et al., 2014). Nevertheless, geological history of the Ryukyu Archipelago such wide geographical distribution of an in relation to Taiwan (e.g., Kizaki and amphibian helminth may accompany Oshiro, 1980; Ota, 1998), or are mere genetic diversification and isolation. Indeed, consequences of insufficiency in appropriate DNA sequence analysis of the samples of C. surveys. japonica from Japanese mainland suggested Most of the herpetofauna of the Ryukyu the presence of cryptic species (Sato et al., Archipelago have their closest phylogenetic 2015). Hence, the systematic reassignment affinity with those in southern China and/or of the Taiwanese and Japanese populations Taiwan (Ota, 2000; Yokoyama et al., 2018). of Cosmocerca should be made carefully. Hence, it is not surprising that their helminths It is of special interest that Cosmocercella also show close affinity with helminths from iwatsukii is distributed both in Taiwan and Taiwanese herps. Nonetheless, it is a bit curious Okinawajima Island, whereas it has not been that C. iwatsukii, B. synaptospicula and P. recorded from Miyakojima and the Yaeyama yambarensis have never been reported in Islands, which are situated between those hosts from continental China. One congener two localities even by recent helminthological of C. iwatsukii (i.e., Cosmocercella neveri surveys on P. leucomystax and other frogs Hsü & Hoepplii, 1933) was recorded from a from these islands (Hasegawa and Ota, 2017; frog, Quasipaa spinosa (David, 1875), Hasegawa et al., 2018). Similar distribution collected at Amoi of continental China on also is known for Batrachonema synaptospicula the opposite side of the strait to Taiwan Yuen, 1965 and Pseudabbreviata yambarensis (Hsü and Hoepplii, 1933), but since this Hasegawa et Otsuru, 1984 (syn. Pseudabbreviata species is morphologically distinct from C. nudamphida sensu Jiang & Lin, 1980 nec iwatsukii by having numerous somatic Lichtenfels & Quigley, 1968). The former papillae, distally alate spicules in males, and nematode was first described from the much smaller eggs in females (Hasegawa, peninsular Malaysian frogs (Yuen, 1965) 1989), its conspecificity with C. iwatsukii is and subsequently from Fejervarya cf. unlikely. Further surveys in continental China limnocharis of Southern Taiwan and are desirable to confirm phylogenetically closest Odorrana narina (Stejneger, 1901) and Z. counterparts of C. iwatsukii or other Ryukyu- viridis of the northern area of Okinawajima Taiwan species herein discussed. Island (Hasegawa, 1987, 1989a). The latter nematode species has been known only ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS from the tree lizards D. swinhonis in Taiwan and D. p. polygonatum Hallowell, 1861 of Thanks are rendered to Dr. Liang Li, the northern region of Okinawajima Island Hebei Normal University, China, for his (Jiang and Lin, 1980; Hasegawa and Otsuru, valuable information on the publications 1984; Norval et al., 2014). Meanwhile, some relevant to this work, to Dr. Misako Urabe, helminths, such as Oswaldocruzia japalurae Shiga Prefectural University, for her kindness and O. hoepplii, are common between Taiwan in allowing us to use the unpublished and the Southern Ryukyus, but absent in the information, and to Dr. Donald W. Central Ryukyus. It will be important to Duszynski, Professor Emeritus, University of determine whether these records reflect their New Mexico, for critically reviewing an actual segregated distributions deriving from 216 TROPICAL NATURAL HISTORY 21(2), AUGUST 2021 early draft of the manuscript. Field sampling Hasegawa, H. and Iwatsuki, N. 1984. Helminth fauna by HO was supported by the 21st Century of the tree lizard, Japalura polygonata in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. Akamata, 2: 18 – 26. Center of Excellence (COE) programme at Hasegawa, H. and Ota, H. 2017. 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