Helicobacter pylori Basic Mechanisms to Clinical Cure 2000 Helicobacfer pylori Basic Mechanisms to Clinical Cure 2000 Edited by Richard H. Hunt Guido N. J. Tytgat Professor of Medicine Professor, Department of Director, Division of Gastroenterology Gastroenterology and Hepatology McMaster University Medical Centre Academic Medical Centre 1200 Main Street West 9 Meibergdreef Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5 1105 AZ Amsterdam Canada The Netherlands The proceedings of a symposium organised by AXCAN PHARMA, held• in Be rmuda, March 26-2•9, 20 00 AXCAN SCANDIPHARM SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V. A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-94-010-5753-0 ISBN 978-94-011-3927-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-3927-4 Printed an acid-free paper Ali Rights Reserved © 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Origina1ly published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2000 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 2000 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, inc1uding photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owners. Contents List of Principal Contributors ix Preface xix Section I: Helicobacter pylori - The Organism 1 What are the biochemical and physiological implications of the new genetic information? SL Hazell, MA Trend, GL Mendz 3 2 The urease system of Helicobacter pylori DL Weeks, DR Scott, P Voland, EA Marcus, C Athmann, K Melchers, G Sachs 15 3 The amphibiotic relationship of Helicobacter pylori and humans MJ Blaser 25 4 Helicobacter pylori is pathogenic flora A Lee 31 5 Disease-specific Helicobacter pylori virulence factors: the role of cagA, vacA, iceA, babA2 alone or in combination Y Yamaoka, DY Graham 37 Section II: Helicobacter pylori - Epidemiology 6 Factors associated with disappearance of Helicobacter pylori in the West J Parsonnet 45 7 Factors associated with disappearance of Helicobacter pylori in the Far East JJY Sung 53 v CONTENTS 8 Differences in prevalence of Helicobacter pylori and disease outcomes according to race/environmental factors in Southeast Asia KL Goh 57 Section III: Novel Helicobacters 9 Infection with Helicobacter heilmannii (formerly Gastrospirillum hominis): characterization, epidemiology and therapy P Malfertheiner, URM Bohr, T. Gunther 73 10 Hepatobiliary Helicobacters: recognized animal pathogens with suspected pathogenic potential in humans JG Fox 83 11 Novel Helicobacter species in the intestine A Lee 105 Section IV: Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori Infection 12 Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection: faecal antigen determination D Vaira, C Ricci, M Menegatti, C Acciardi, L Gatta, A Geminiani, M Miglioli 115 13 Pitfalls in Helicobacter pylori diagnosis P Malfertheiner, A Leodolter, C Gerards 123 Section V: Inflammation and the Immune Response to Helicobacter pylori Infection 14 Overview of immune and inflammatory changes due to Helicobacter infection A Hamlet, K Croitoru 141 15 Interaction of Helicobacter pylori with gastric epithelium E Solcia, V Ricci, P Sommi, V Necchi, M Candusso, R Fiocca 151 16 Helicobacter pylori and the epithelial barrier: role of oxidative injury S-Z Ding, SE Crowe 155 17 Immuno-inflammatory response to Helicobacter pylori in children SJ Czinn, JC Eisenberg, JG Nedrud, TG Blanchard 169 18 Severity and reversibility of mucosal inflammation in children and adolescents infected with Helicobacter pylori PM Sherman 175 vi CONTENTS 19 Elimination of Helicobacter pylori is dependent on a Th2 response A Lee 187 20 Elimination of Helicobacter pylori is not dependent on a Th2 cytokine response K Croitoru 193 21 The inflammatory activity in Helicobacter pylori infection is predominantly organism related P Michetti 197 22 The inflammatory activity in Helicobacter pylori infection is predominantly host-related PB Ernst 203 Section VI: Helicobacter pylori and Gastritis 23 Helicobacter pylori gastritis - a global view Y Uu, CIJ Ponsioen, GJ Waverling, S-O Xiao, GNJ Tytgat, FJWTen Kate 213 24 Unusual forms of gastric inflammation and their relationship to Helicobacter pylori infection MFOixon 221 25 Can atrophic gastritis be diagnosed in the presence of Helicobacter pylori infection? RM Genta 229 26 Mechanisms involved in gastric atrophy NA Wright 239 27 Intestinal metaplasia: types, mechanisms of origin, and role in gastric cancer histogenesis E Solcia, 0 Luinetti, L Villani, P Quilici, C Klersy, R Fiocca 249 28 Long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy accelerates the onset of atrophic gastritis in Helicobacter pylori-positive patients EJ Kuipers, SGM Meuwissen 255 29 Proton pump inhibitors do not accelerate the development of gastric atrophy in Helicobacter pylori gastritis JW Freston 269 30 Autoimmune gastritis via mimicking does occur M Stolte, S Rappel, H Maller 269 31 Autoimmune gastritis and antigenic mimicking F Franceschi, RM Genta 289 32 Carditis and intestinal metaplasia of the cardia is reflux related MBFennerty 295 vii CONTENTS 33 Carditis and cardia intestinal metaplasia are Helicobacter pylori-related WM Weinstein 299 34 Is gastric metaplasia in Helicobacter pylori really gastric? NA Wright 307 Section VII: Helicobacter pylori and Clinical Consequences 35 Extragastric manifestations of Helicobacter pylori - are they relevant? CW Howden, GI Leontiadis 315 36 Peptic ulcer disease - the transitional zones are important MF Dixon, A Lee, SJO Veldhuyzen van Zanten 327 37 What causes Helicobacter pylori-negative non-NSAID- related ulcers? CW Howden 339 38 From the pump to the helix 1M Modlin, J Farhadi, M Kidd 347 39 Mechanisms involved in the development of hypochlorhydria and pangastritis in Helicobacter pylori infection KEL McColl, E EI-Omar 373 40 Effect of Helicobacter pylori infection on gastric acid control using proton pump inhibitors PO Katz 385 41 Rebound acid hypersecretion after acid-suppressive therapy D Gillen, KEL McColl 391 42 Gastric consequences of proton pump therapy and Helicobacter pylori eradication G Sachs, G Athmann, D Weeks, D Scott 397 Section VIII: Helicobacter pylori, Dyspepsia and NSAIDs 43 Current concepts of dyspepsia: the role of the nervous system P Bercik, SM Collins 411 44 How to explain outcome differences in dyspepsia studies MB Fennerty, LA Laine 421 45 Helicobacter pylori eradication for dyspepsia is clinically useful D McNamara, C O'Morain 427 46 Dyspepsia is no indication for Helicobacter pylori eradication SJO Veldhuyzen van Zan ten 435 viii CONTENTS 47 Role of Helicobacter pylori infection in NSAID-associated gastropathy J-Q Huang, R Lad, RH Hunt 443 48 Role of Helicobacter pylori in NSAID gastropathy: can Helicobacter pylori infection be beneficial? DY Graham 453 49 Helicobacter pylori and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs CJ Hawkey 461 Section IX: Helicobacter pylori and 'Test-and-Treat' Strategies 50 The impact of a 'test-and-treat' strategy for Helicobacter pylori: the United States perspective DA Peura 469 51 Test-and-treat strategy in dyspepsia - the European perspective P Malfertheiner 475 52 The impact of the 'test-and-treat' strategies for Helicobacter pylori infection - an Asian perspective? JJY Sung 483 Section X: Helicobacter pylori and Gastric Malignancy 53 Rodent models for Helicobacter-induced gastric cancer JG Fox 489 54 Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer: the risk is real o Forman 507 55 Helicobacter pylori in gastric malignancy: role of oxidants, antioxidants and other co-factors Z-W Zhang, MJG Farthing 513 56 Gastric markers of pre-malignancy are not reversible RM Genta, F Franceschi 525 57 The case for the reversibility of gastric dysplasia/neoplasia RH Riddell 535 58 Evaluation of the long-term outcome of Helicobacter pylori related gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma M Stolte, A Morgner, B Alpen, Th WOndisch, C Thiede, A Neubauen, E Bayerd6rffer 535 Section XI: Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection 59 Current state-of-the-art management for Helicobacter pylori infection: global perspective DA Peura 551 ix CONTENTS 60 Guidelines for therapy of Helicobacter pylori infection - a world perspective S-K Lam 559 61 Bismuth triple and quadruple studies for Helicobacter pylori eradication in Canada CA Fal/one 567 62 Approach to Helicobacter pylori infection in children E Hassal/ 575 63 What role for clarithromycin in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection? R Clancy, T Borody, C Clancy 587 64 What is the role of bismuth in Helicobacter pylori antimicrobial resistance? SJO Veldhuyzen van Zanten, N Chiba 593 65 Risk factors for failure of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy N Broutet, S Tchamgoue, E Pereira, F Megraud 601 66 Strategies for therapy failures: choice of 'back-up' regimen determined by primary treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection WA de Boer 609 67 Quadruple should be first -line therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection TJ Borody 623 68 Quadruple therapy should be secondline treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection A Axon 631 69 Helicobacter pylori infection: expectations for future therapy CJ Hawkey 637 70 A Helicobacter pylori vaccine is essential S Banerjee, P Michetti 643 Section XII: Helicobacter Infections and the Future 71 The agenda for the microbiologist A Lee 655 72 The agenda for the immunologist PB Ernst 663 73 The agenda for the histopathologist RH Riddel/ 669 74 Helicobacter infections in the new millennium: the challenge for the clinician A Axon 673 Index 679 x List of Principal Contributors A.AXON The Centre for Digestive Diseases The General Infirmary at Leeds Great George Street Leeds LS 1 3EX UK M. J. BLASER Department of Medicine New York University School of Medicine 550 First Avenue New York, NY 10016 USA T. J. BORODY Centre for Digestive Diseases 144 Great North Road Five Dock, NSW 2046 Australia R.CLANCY Discipline of Immunology and Microbiology Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences David Maddison Clinical Sciences Building Royal Newcastle Hospital Newcastle, NSW 2300 Australia xi