Heat Treating Including Steel Heat Treating in the New Millennium An International Symposium in Honor of Professor George Krauss Proceedings of the 19th Conference 1-4 November 1999, Cincinnati, Ohio Editedby SandraJ. Midea George D. Pfaffmann ,L~ Heat hating ~Society AnAffiliateSocietyofASMInternational ASMInternational@ Materials Park, OH 44073-0002 http://www.asm-intl.org Copyright© 2000 by ASMInternational® Allrightsreserved No part ofthis book may bereproduced, stored ina retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by an means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, orotherwise, withoutthe writtenpermission ofthe copyrightowner. Firstprinting, April 2000 Great care is taken inthecompilation andproduction of this Volume, but it should be made clear thatNO WARRANTIES,EXPRESS ORIMPLIED, INCLUDING, WITHOUTLIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, ARE GIVEN IN CONNECTION WITH THIS PUBLICATION. 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Library ofCongressControl Number:00-131695 ISBN: 0-87170-681-4 SAN:204-7586 ASMInternational® Materials Park, OH44073-0002 http://www.asm-intl.org Printed intheUnitedStates ofAmerica Heat Treating Society's Technology and Programming Committee 1999 Event Co-Chairs Mr.DanielH.Herring Ipsen International, Inc. Mr.GeorgeD.Pfaffmann Rockford, Illinois TOCCO Inc. Co-Chair, Process EquipmentTechnologies Madison Heights, Michigan SubcommitteeandLiaison, Immediate Needs Co-Chair, Process EquipmentTechnologies Committee Subcommittee Mr.Luiz Roberto Hirschheimer Ms.SandraJ. Midea Brasimet Comercia E.IndustriaS.A. Metal 1 Sao Paulo,Brazil Cleveland, Ohio Memberat Large Chair, Process Subcommittee Dr.FranzT.Hoffmann Mr.Dale A. Poteet, Jr., Chair '99 Stiftung InstitutefurWerkstofftechnik Innovative MetallurgicalTechnology Bremen, Germany Verona,Wisconsin Co-Chair, InternationalProgramming Subcommittee Dr.George E.Totten, FASM,Past Chair '99 Union Carbide Corporation Dr.Warren H.Hunt,Jr., FASM Tarrytown, NewYork Aluminum Consultants Group, Inc. Co-Liaison, MElSubcommittee Murrysville, Pennsylvania Co-Chair, 2000 HeatTreating Conference Chair, Nonferrous Subcommittee Mr.James E.Behrendsen Mr.Joseph Iovine Delphi Automotive Systems BMT/Hi TecMetal Group Sandusky, Ohio Albert Lea, Minnesota Memberat Large Co-Chair, Sales &Marketing Subcommittee Mr.Charles H.Faulkner Prof. LemmyMeekisho Houghton International Inc. Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Valley Forge, Pennsylvania Technology Memberat Large Portland, Oregon Chair, IntI.On-LineProcess Modelling Dr.Kiyoshi Funatani, FASM Subcommittee Nihon Parkerizing Co., Ltd. Nagoya, Aichi, Japan Prof. Dr.Ir.EricJ. Mittemeijer,FASM Memberat Large Max Planck Institute for Metals Research Co-Chair, 2000HeatTreating Conference Stuttgart, Germany Co-Chair, InternationalProgramming Mr.David A.Guisbert Subcommittee QualityAssociates of Buchanan Buchanan, Michigan Prof. Philip G.Nash Memberat Large Illinois InstituteofTechnology Chicago, Illinois Co-ChairPowderMetallurgySubcommittee III Mr.James M.O'Brien TECHNICAL PROGRAM ORGANIZERS O'Brien & Associates Blissfield, Michigan BRAZING Chair,ProcessApplicationSubcommittee Sponsored by: Brazing Subcommittee Mr.David G.Paddle Mr.Carmen Paponetti CastroIAustralia Pty.ltd. HITecMetal Group Melbourne,Victoria, Australia Cleveland, Ohio MemberatLarge Mr.Carmen Paponetti CONTROLOF MICROSTRUCTURE HITecMetal Group, Inc. THROUGH HEATTREATMENT Cleveland, Ohio Chair,BrazingSubcommittee Joint Program with the 32nd IMS Annual Convention Dr.SanjayShrivastava Sponsored by: HeatTreating Society TheTorrington Company International Metallographic Society Norcross, Georgia Co-Chair, Distortion ControlSubcommittee Prof.Rafael Colas Universidad Aut6noma de Nuevo Le6n Mr.Fred R.Specht Cd.Universitaria, Mexico TOCCO Inc. Boaz, Alabama Chair,Forge Heating Subcommittee EQUIPMENT MemberatLarge Sponsored by: Process EquipmentTechnologies Subcommittee Mr.William D.Stofey American Ultra Specialties, Inc. Mr.James E.Behrendsen Hudson, Ohio Delphi Automotive Systems Chair,Resource ManagementSubcommittee Sandusky, Ohio AppliedEnergy Dr.AlexeySverdlin Bradley University Mr.John A.Collins Peoria, Illinois Surface Combustion, Inc. MemberatLarge Maumee, Ohio Case Hardening Equipment Dr.Ronald A.Wallis Wyman-Gordon Forgings Mr.Daniel H.Herring North Grafton, Massachusetts Ipsen International, Inc. Memberat Large Rockford, Illinois EmergingEquipmentInnovations Mr.HarryW.Walton TheTorrington Company Mr.Patrick McKenna Rutherfordton, North Carolina Ipsen International, Inc. Co-Chair, Distortion ControlSubcommittee Rockford, Illinois Case HardeningEquipment Mr.Douglas P.Welling Consolidated Natural Gas Mr.Douglas Parizek Independence, Ohio Lindberg HeatTreating Company Memberat Large Denver,North Carolina AtmosphereandControls IV Mr.D.Keith Patrick FORGE HEATINGWITH INDUCTION Industrial Heating Sponsored by: Forge Heating Subcommittee Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania EmergingEquipmentInnovations Mr.Fred R.Specht TOCCO Inc. Mr.GeorgeD.Pfaffmann Boaz, Alabama TOCCO, Inc. Madison Heights, Michigan Induction ISSUES AND ANALYTICALTECHNIQUES IN FAILURE ANALYSIS Dr.SanjayShrivastava Joint Session with the Materials TheTorrington Company Solutions Conference Norcross, Georgia Sponsored by: FailureAnalysis Committeeof Induction Materials Testingand Quality Control Critical, Technologies Sector, ASM HeatTreating Society, Dr.MirceaStefan Stanescu International Metallographic Society BOC Gases Durham, North Carolina Mr.Roch J. Shipley AtmosphereandControls Engineering Systems, Inc. Aurora, Illinois Mr.William St.Thomas MocoThermal Industries Ms. Debbi Aliya Romulus, Michigan Aliya Analytical HeatTreatingEquipmentforthe 21stCentury Grand Rapids, Michigan Mr.JackTitus Mr.Jim J. Scutti Holcroft Inc. Massachusetts Materials Research Livonia, Michigan West Boylston, Massachusetts VacuumEquipment Mr.Doug P.Welling PROCESSES Consolidated Natural Gas Independence, Ohio Sponsored by: Process Subcommittee EnergyIssues Ms. SandraJ. Midea Metal 1 Cleveland, Ohio EQUIPMENTIPROCESSES Cryogenics Sponsored by: Process EquipmentTechnologies Subcommittee Dr.David L.Milam TheTimken Company Mr.Daniel H.Herring Canton, Ohio Ipsen International, Inc. ProcessApplication Rockford, Illinois Ms. SandraJ. Midea QUALITY Metal 1 Sponsored by: Quality Subcommittee Cleveland, Ohio Mr.GeorgeD.Pfaffmann Dr.David L. Milam TOCCO, Inc. TheTimken Company Madison Heights, Michigan Canton, Ohio v QUENCHING AND DISTORTION Dr.Dana J. Medlin TheTimken Company Sponsoredby: Quenching andCooling Canton, Ohio Subcommittee Distortion ControlSubcommittee Dr.GeorgeE.Totten, FASM UnionCarbide Corporation Dr.SanjayShrivastava Tarrytown, NewYork TheTorrington Company Norcross, Georgia VISION2020 Dr.GeorgeE.Totten, FASM UnionCarbide Corporation Progress inAchieving theASM-HTS\MTI Tarrytown, NewYork Vision2020 Collaborative R&DAddressingVision 2020 TechnologyGoals STEEL HEATTREATING Industry, UniversityandGovernment Lab SteelHeatTreating intheNewMillennium: Alliances thatwillSuccessfullyTake AnInternational Symposium inHonorof HeatTreating intotheFuture Prof.GeorgeKrauss Sponsored by: R&DCommittee Sponsored by: HeatTreating Society Mr.RobertJ. Gaster Prof. Arnold Marder, FASM Deere&Company Lehigh University Moline, Illinois Bethlehem, Pennsylvania vi Preface The1999annualASMHeatTreatingSocietyConferenceandExpositionwasanexcellentforumforexchanging information and knowledge for the heat treating and associated industries. We also added a very special symposium honoring Professor George Krauss FASM, a pioneer in many aspects of metallurgy, who has spent his entire teaching career transforming metallurgical information into usable knowledge. More than 8,000peopleattendedtheConference andExposition.ThisyearsconferenceincludedASMMaterialSolution Conferenceand the 32nd annual Convention ofthe International Metal Graphics Society. These proceedings are a product of the Annual Conference. Submission of manuscripts was not a requirement for speaking at the Conference; consequently, there are some speakers who chose not to prepare a manuscript. Many of the speakers at the Conference conscientiously agreed to spend the time and effort necessary to prepare these manuscripts. We certainly wish to express our thanks to these authors. We also wish to thank the Heat Treating Society Programming and Events Committee for organizing the sessions.This committee.and itssubcommittees, consistingofapproximatelyone hundredpeople, worked together over several months to determine the session topics and find the speakers. We also appreciate the contributions made to this Conference by the exhibitors, because they also, are valuable sources of technology and knowledge forthe attendees. Finally,wewishtothankyou,theattendees, forparticipating inthisevent.Youarethe mostimportantpart of this activity.We hope that this Conferenceexpanded your knowledge.That's what it'sall about: networking, learning, and sharing technologyto solve today's problems and meet tomorrow'schallenges. For planning purposes, please note that the 2000 Annual Conference and Exposition will be held 9-12 October2000, in St.Louis, Missouri. George D.Pfaffmann SandraJ. Midea TOCCO, Inc. Metal 1 Co-Chair Co-Chair VB Contents Control of Microstructure through HeatTreatment Aging of a Heat Resistant Alloy 1 S. Haro, UniversidadAutonome del Estado de Morelos, Zacatecas, Mexico D.Lopez, A.Wong, Instituto Mexicano del Petroleo, Veracruz, Mexico L.Martinez, Centro de Ciencias Fisicas de la UNAM, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico A.Velasco, R.Viramontes, HYLSA, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L. Mexico Influenceof AustenitizingTime on FractureToughness of a Low ManganeseAustempered Ductile Cast Iron (ADI) 8 S. Putatunda, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan A Studyof the BainiticTransformation inan Intercritical Annealed TRIP-Assisted Steel 19 E. Girault, P.Ratchev, J. VanHumbeeck, B.Verlinden, E.Aernoudt, K.U.Leuven, Leuven, Belgium P.Jacques, Universit« Catholique de Louvain, Louvsin-le-Neuve, Belgium Onthe Influence of Critical Parameters of the Microstructure on the Mechanical Properties ofTRIP-Assisted Multiphase Steels 24 P.Jacques, UniversityofCambridge, Cambridge, UnitedKingdom E. Girault, K.U.Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Modeling of AusteniticTransformation During Continuous Cooling AfterThermal andThermomechanical Processes 31 J. Prado, Universidade Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain Microstructural Effects of Solution Annealing of a Heat Resistant Steel 40 S. Haro, Universidade Autonome del Estado de Morelos, Zacatecas, Mexico D.Lopez, Instituto Mexican del Petroleo, Veracruz, Mexico R.Colas, FIME, UniversidadAutonome de Nuevo Leon, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L. Mexico A.Velasco, R.Viramontes, HYLSA, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L. Mexico Microstructure Design and HeatTreatment Selectionfor Casting Alloys Using the Quality Index 45 C.H. Caceres, The UniversityofQueensland, Brisbane, Australia Evolution of Precipitate Morphologyand Alloy ina Hardness Phosphorous Containing Cu-0.6%wt.CrAlloy During AgingTreatment 53 N. Gao, T. Tiainen, Y. Ji, J. Laurila, Tampere UniversityofTechnology,Tampere, Finland Controlling the Particle Size, Spacing,Distribution,Volume Fraction, and Growth Rate of Intermetallic Particles in Binary Aluminum-Lithium Alloys byThermal Processing and Composition Control 58 J. Fragomeni, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio B.Hillberry, Purdue University, WestLafayette, Indiana Material Properties of a CastType 319 Aluminum Alloy 67 C.Dimas, M.Guerrer-Mata, R. Colas, UniversidadAutonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico Equipment Atmosphere and Controls Purity Requirements of Hydrogen, Nitrogen,and Argon, and Contamination of Furnace Atmospheres Used for Annealing of Steel 73 M.S. Stanescu, BOC Gases, Durham, North Carolina P.F. Stratton, BOC Gases, Holbrook, UnitedKingdom A.R.Palermo, BOC Gases, MurrayHill, NewJersey viii Hydrogen Safety Considerations in HeatTreating Applications 87 T.S.Hussey, BOC Gases, MurrayHill, NewJersey G.P.RumburgSr., BOCGases, Butler, Pennsylvania Emerging Equipment Innovations High-Frequency Induction Carburizing 94 S.M. Gugel, Sanova Polytech, Inc., NewYork, NewYork EffectiveTreatmentTechniquesfor Improving Quality Control and Environmental Performance of HeatTreating PartsWashers 104 R.Terrien, UniversalSeparators, Madison, Wisconsin Integrated Channel Roller Hearth Furnace LineTechnology 109 S.N.Banerjee, Aichelin-Stahl, Inc., Lee's Summit, Missouri Energy Issues Use of RadiantTubes for HeatTreating Applicationsand Comparative Performancewith Electrical Heating .... 114 A.c. Thekdi, CSG/, Inc., Rockville, Maryland Applying New Gas BurnerTechnology ina Continuous Furnace 130 T. Schaffeld, Hi TecMetal Group, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio J. Wunning, WS, Inc., Elyria, Ohio HeatTreating Equipment for the 21st Century HeatTreating Automotive Components in Continuous Equipment 137 N.Bogh, CEC, Kennesaw, Georgia Induction Development of a Numerical Model for Induction Heating 142 J.K. Roplekar, UniversityofIllinois, Champaign, Illinois A.Reddy, COl Corp., Peoria, Illinois L.Chuzhoy, CaterpillarInc., Peoria, Illinois AlphaForm-Formable Concentrator Effort to Replace Laminations on Crankshaft Induction Heating Work Coil 148 T. Learman, LearTech,Ferrysburg, Michigan ComputerSimulationfor Design of Induction HeatTreating Processes andWork Coils 154 V.S. Nemkov, R.Goldstein, Centre for Induction Technology (CIT), Auburn Hills, Michigan Enhancing Induction Heating Processes by Applying Magnetic Flux Controllers 162 R.S. Ruffini, FluxtrolManufacturing, Inc., AuburnHills, Michigan R.T. Ruffini, FluxtrolManufacturing, Inc., AuburnHills, Michigan V.S. Nemkov, R.C. Goldstein, CIT,Auburn Hills, Michigan Vacuum Equipment Vacuum Furnace Material Handling: ACellularIntegration 168 WJ. Titus, Holcroft, Livonia, Michigan IX Equipment/Processes Equipment and Processes Recycled Steel Powder as the Source for the Machine Parts Manufacturing 171 A Sverdlin, T. loumacheva, BradleyUniversity, Peoria, Illinois K.Sarbaeva, A Melnikov, A Nesterenko, Aerospace University, Samara, Russia Innovations in Surface Hardening Causes of Inhomogeneityof Chemical Composition of Nitriding Atmosphere inthe Furnace Retort 178 WK. Maldzinski, W Liliental, G.J.Tymowski, Nitrex MetalIne., St.Laurent, Quebec, Canada ANew Sensorto Follow Low PressureCarburizing 187 P. Jacquet, G.Bernard, M.Lambertin, Ecole Nationale Superieure d'Arts et Metiers, Cluny,France AutomaticVerification of Inductive Hardening Using Eddy Currentand Preventive Multi-FrequencyTesting.... 190 B.Buschur, ibg NOTSystems Corporation, Farmington Hills, Michigan Quality Assurance Method for Gas Nitridingand Nitrocarburizing by Application of the HydroNit-Sensor 200 M.Lohrmann, Ipsen InternationalGmbH, Kleve, Germany Online Diffusion Control Technologiesfor Gas Nitriding 206 T. GuIer,Thermovac Pty,Ltd., Currumbin Waters,Australia Research in Light Alloys Properties of Semi-Finished Products andWelded Jointsof Aluminum AlloyV92Zr After Prolonged Low-Temperature Heating 210 A V. Sverdlin, BradleyUniversity, Peoria, Illinois The Consequences of HeatTreating on the Microstructure,Fatigue andTensile Behavior ofaTi-6-wt.%AI-4wt.%V Alloy 217 J.M. Fragomeni, Ohio University,Athens, Ohio Forge Heating with Induction IGBT Power Suppliesfor Forge Heating Applications 225 M.S. Rugg, Inductoheat, RayTownship,Michigan O.L.Loveless, Inductoheat, Madison Heights, Michigan Rules ofThumbfor Forging Installations 234 F.R. Specht, TOCCO, Inc., Boaz, Alabama Processes Cyrogenics CyrogenicTreatment-A Mysteryor Misery of HeatTreatment 237 AL. Wojcieszynski, Crucible Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania x