HWT aCHRNG€R D€SIGN HRNDBOOK MECHANICAL ENGINEERING A Series of Textbooks and Reference Books Founding Editor L. L. Faulkner Colurnbus Division, Battelle Memorial Institute cind Department of Mechanicnl Engineering The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 1. Spring Designer's Handbook, Harold Carlson 2. Computer-Aided Graphics and Design, Daniel L. Ryan 3. Lubrication Fundamentals, J. George Wills 4. Solar Engineering for Domestic Buildings, William A. Himmelman 5. Applied Engineering Mechanics: Statics and Dynamics, G. Boothroyd and C. Poli 6. Centrifugal Pump Clinic, lgor J. Karassik 7. Computer-Aided Kinetics for Machine Design, Daniel L. Ryan 8. Plastics Products Design Handbook, Part A: Materials and Components; Part 6: Processes and Design for Processes, edited by Edward Miller 9. Turbomachinery: Basic Theory and Applications, Earl Logan, Jr. 10. Vibrations of Shells and Plates, Werner Soedel 11, Flat and Corrugated Diaphragm Design Handbook, Mario Di Giovanni 12. Practical Stress Analysis in Engineering Design, Alexander Blake 13. An Introduction to the Design and Behavior of Bolted Joints, John H. Bickford 14. Optimal Engineering Design: Principles and Applications, James N. Siddall 15. Spring Manufacturing Handbook, Harold Carlson 16, lndustrial Noise Control: Fundamentals and Applications, edited by Lewis H. Bell 17. Gears and Their Vibration: A Basic Approach to Understanding Gear Noise, J. Derek Smith 18. Chains for Power Transmission and Material Handling: Design and Applications Handbook, American Chain Association 19. Corrosion and Conosion Protection Handbook, edited by Philip A. Schweitzer 20. Gear Drive Systems: Design and Application, Peter Lynwander 2 1. Controlling In-Plant Airborne Contaminants: Systems Design and Calculations, John D. Constance 22. CADLAM Systems Planning and Implementation, Charles S.Knox 23. Probabilistic Engineering Design: Principles and Applications, James N. Siddall 24. Traction Drives: Selection and Application, Frederick W. Heilich Ill and Eugene E. Shube 25. Finite Element Methods: An Introduction, Ronald L. Huston and Chris E. Passerello 26. Mechanical Fastening of Plastics: An Engineering Handbook, Brayton Lincoln, Kenneth J. Gomes, and James F. Braden 27. Lubrication in Practice: Second Edition, edited by W. S. Robertson 28. Principles of Automated Drafting, Daniel L. Ryan 29. Practical Seal Design, edited by Leonard J. Martini 30. Engineering Documentation for CAD /CAM Applications, Charles S.Knox 31. Design Dimensioning with Computer Graphics Applications, Jerome C. Lange 32. Mechanism Analysis: Simplified Graphical and Analytical Techniques, Ly ndon 0. Barton 33. CAD /CAM Systems: Justification, Implementation, Productivity Measurement, Edward J. Preston, George W. Crawford, and Mark E. Coticchia 34. Steam Plant Calculations Manual, V. Ganapathy 35. Design Assurance for €ngineers and Managers, John A. Burgess 36. Heat Transfer Fluids and Systems for Process and Energy Applications, Jasbir Singh 37. Potential Flows: Computer Graphic Solutions, Robert H. Kirchhoff 38. Computer-Aided Graphics and Design: Second Edition, Daniel L. Ryan 39. Electronically Controlled Proportional Valves: Selection and Application, Michael J . Tonyan, edited by Tobi Goldoftas 40. Pressure Gauge Handbook, AMETEK, US. Gauge Division, edited by Philip W. Ha rla nd 41. fabric Filtration for Combustion Sources: fundamentals and Basic Technology, R. P. Donovan 42. Design of Mechanical Joints, Alexander Blake 43. CAD/CAM Dictionary, Edward J. Preston, George W. Crawford, and Mark E. Coticchia 44. Machinery Adhesives for Locking, Retaining, and Sealing, Girard S. Haviland 45. Couplings and Joints: Design, Selection, and Application, Jon R. Mancuso 46. Shaft Alignment Handbook, John Piotrowski 47. BASIC Programs for Steam Plant Engineers: Boilers, Combustion, Fluid Flow, and Heat Transfer, V. Ganapathy 48. Solving Mechanical Design Problems with Computer Graphics, Jerome C. Lange 49. Plastics Gearing: Selection and Application, Clifford E. Adams 50. Clutches and Brakes: Design and Selection, William C. Orthwein 51. Transducers in Mechanical and Electronic Design, Harry L. Trietley 52. Metallurgical Applications of Shock-W ave and High-Strain-Rate Phenomena, edited by Lawrence E. Murr, Karl P. Staudhammer, and Marc A. Meyers 53. Magnesium Products Design, Robert S. Busk 54. How to Integrate CADKAM Systems: Management and Technology, William D. Engelke 55. Cam Design and Manufacture: Second Edition; with cam design software for the ISM PC and compatibles, disk included, Preben W.J ensen 56. Solid-state AC Motor Controls: Selection and Application, Sylvester Campbell 57. fundamentals of Robotics, David D. Ardayfio 58. Belt Selection and Application for Engineers, edited by Wallace D. Erickson 59. Developing Three-DimensionalC AD Software with the IBM PC, C. Stan Wei 60. Organizing Data for CIM Applications, Charles S. Knox, with contributions by Thomas C.Boos, Ross S. Culverhouse, and Paul F.Muchnicki 61. Computer-Aided Simulation in Railway Dynamics, by Rao V. Dukkipati and Joseph R. Amyot 62. Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Materials, Manufacturing, and Design, P. K. Mallick 63. Photoelectric Sensors and Controls: Selection and Application, Scott M. Juds 64. Finite Element Analysis with Personal Computers, Edward R. Champion, Jr., and J. Michael Ensminger 65. Ultrasonics: Fundamentals, Technology, Applications: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Dale Ensminger 66. Applied Finite Element Modeling: Practical Problem Solving for Engineers, Jeff rey M. Steele 67. Measurement and Instrumentation in Engineering: Principles and Basic Laboratory Experiments, Francis S. Tse and lvan E. Morse 68. Centrifugal Pump Clinic: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, lgor J. Karassik 69. Practical Stress Analysis in Engineering Design: Second Edition, Revised and Ex- panded, Alexander Blake 70. An Introduction to the Design and Behavior of Bolted Joints: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, John H.Bickford 71. High Vacuum Technology: A Practical Guide, Marsbed H. Hablanian 72. Pressure Sensors: Selection and Application, Duane Tandeske 73. Zinc Handbook: Propetties, Processing, and Use in Design, Frank Porter 74. Thermal fatigue of Metals, Andtzej Weronski and Tadeusz Hejwowski 75. Classical and Modern Mechanisms for Engineers and Inventors, Preben W. Jensen 76. Handbook of Electronic Package Design, edited by Michael Pecht 77. Shock- Wave and High-Strain-Rate Phenomena in Materials, edited by Marc A. Meyers, Lawrence E. Murr, and Karl P. Staudhammer 78. Industrial Refrigeration: Principles, Design and Applications, P. C. Koelet 79. Applied Combustion, Eugene L. Keating 80. Engine Oils and Automotive Lubrication, edited by Wilfried J. Bartz 81. Mechanism Analysis: Simplified and Graphical Techniques, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Lyndon 0.Barton 82. Fundamental Fluid Mechanics for the Practicing Engineer, James W. Murdock 83. Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Materials, Manufacturing, and Design, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, P. K. Mallick 84. Numerical Methods for Engineering Applications, Edward R. Champion, Jr. 85. Turbomachinery: Basic Theory and Applications, Second Edition, Revised and Ex- panded, Earl Logan, Jr. 86. Vibrations of Shells and Plates: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Werner Soedel 87. Steam Plant Calculations Manual: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, V. Ganapathy 88. lndustrial Noise Control: Fundamentals and Applications, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Lewis H. Bell and Douglas H. Bell 89. Finite Elements: Their Design and Performance, Richard H. MacNeal 90. Mechanical Properties of Polymers and Composites: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Lawrence E. Nielsen and Robert F. Landel 91. Mechanical Wear Prediction and Prevention, Raymond G. Bayer 92. Mechanical Power Transmission Components, edited by David W. South and Jon R. Mancuso 93. Handbook of Turbomachinery,e dited by Earl Logan, Jr. 94. Engineering Documentation Control Practices and Procedures, Ray E. Monahan 95. Refractory Linings: Thermomechanical Design and Applications, Charles A. Schacht 96. Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing: Applications and Techniques for Use in Design, Manufacturing, and Inspection, James D. Meadows 97. An lntroduction to the Design and Behavior of Bolted Joints: Third Edition, Revised and Expanded, John H. Bickford 98. Shafl Alignment Handbook: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, John Piotrowski 99. Computer-Aided Design of Polymer-Matrix Composite Structures, edited by S. V.H oa 100. Friction Science and Technology, Peter J. Blau 101. lntroduction to Plastics and Composites: Mechanical Properties and Engineering Applications, Edward Miller 102. Practical Fracture Mechanics in Design, Alexander Blake 103. Pump Characteristics and Applications, Michael W. Volk 104. Optical Principles and Technology for Engineers, James E. Stewart 105. Optimizing the Shape of Mechanical Elements and Structures, A. A. Seireg and Jorge Rodriguez 106. Kinematics and Dynamics of Machinery, Vladimir Stejskal and Michael ValaSek 107. Shafl Seals for Dynamic Applications, Les Horve 108. Reliability-Based Mechanical Design, edited by Thomas A. Cruse 109. Mechanical Fastening, Joining, and Assembly, James A. Speck 11 0. Turbomachinery Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer, edited by Chunill Hah 11 1 . High-Vacuum Technology: A Practical Guide, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Marsbed H. Hablanian 112. Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing: Workbook and Answerbook, James D. Meadows 113. Handbook of Materials Selection for Engineering Applications, edited by G. T. Murray 114. Handbook of Thermoplastic Piping System Design, Thomas Sixsmith and Reinhard Hanselka 115. Practical Guide to Finite Elements: A Solid Mechanics Approach, Steven M. Lepi 116. Applied Computational Fluid Dynamics, edited by Vijay K. Garg 117. Fluid Sealing Technology, Heinz K. Muller and Bernard S. Nau 118. Friction and Lubrication in Mechanical Design, A. A. Seireg 119. Influence Functions and Matrices, Yuri A. Melnikov 120. Mechanical Analysis of Hectronic Packaging Systems, Stephen A. McKeown 121. Couplings and Joints: Design, Selection, and Application, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Jon R. Mancuso 122. Thermodynamics: Processes and Applications, Earl Logan, Jr. 123. Gear Noise and Vibration, J. Derek Smith 124. Practical Fluid Mechanics for Engineering Applications, John J. Bloomer 125. Handbook of Hydraulic Fluid Technology, edited by George E. Totten 126. Heat Exchanger Design Handbook, T. Kuppan Additional Volumes in Preparation Probability Applications in Mechanical Design, Franklin E. Fisher and Joy R. Fisher Rotating Machinery Vibration: Problem Analysis and Troubleshooting, Maurice L. Adams Handbook of Machinery Dynamics, Lynn Faulkner and Earl Logan Jr. Designing for Product Sound Quality, Richard H. Lyon Mechanical Engineering Sofrware Spring Design with an IBM PC, AI Dietrich Mechanical Design Failure Analysis: With Failure Analysis System Software for the ISM PC, David G. Ullman This page intentionally left blank H€RT €XCHRNG€R D€SIGN HRNDBOOK T. KUPPRN Southern Railway Madras, India MARCEL MARCEID,EKKERIN,C. NEWYORK BASEL D E K K E R ISBN: 0-8247-9787-6 This book is printed on acid-free paper Headquarters Marcel Dekker, Inc. 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 tel: 2 12-696-9000; fax: 2 12-685-4540 Eastern Hemisphere Distribution Marcel Dekker AG Hutgasse 4, Postfach 812, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland tel: 4 1-6 1-26 1-8482; fax: 4 1-61-261- 8896 World Wide Web http://www .dekker.com The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk quantities. For more information, write to Special SalesE'rofessional Marketing at the headquarters address above. Copyright 02000 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Current printing (last digit): 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA To my parents Thulukkanarn Sen thama rai To my mentor Dr. Ramesh K. Shah