Heart Failure A Companion to Braunwald’s Heart Disease Second Edition Douglas L. Mann, MD, FACC Lewin Professor and Chief Cardiovascular Division Washington University School of Medicine; Cardiologist-in-Chief Barnes Jewish Hospital St. Louis, Missouri 3251 Riverport Lane St. Louis, Missouri 63043 HEART FAILURE: A COMPANION TO BRAUNWALD’S HEART DISEASE, SECOND EDITION ISBN: 978-1-4160-5895-3 Copyright © 2011, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, elec- tronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. 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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Heart failure : a companion to Braunwald’s heart disease / [edited by] Douglas L. Mann. -- 2nd ed. p. ; cm Companion v. to: Braunwald’s heart disease / edited by Peter Libby ... [et al.]. 8th ed. c2008. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4160-5895-3 1. Heart failure. I. Mann, Douglas L. II. Braunwald’s heart disease. [DNLM: 1. Heart Failure. WG 370 H43618 2010] RC685.C53H426 2010 616.1’2--dc22 2010010218 Executive Publisher: Natasha Andjelkovic Developmental Editor: Brad McIlwain Publishing Services Manager: Catherine Jackson Project Manager: Janaki Srinivasan Kumar Design Direction: Steven Stave Printed in United States of America Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To my teachers and mentors, for their enduring encouragement and support, especially Dr. James W. Covell, whom I have never thanked enough, and Dr. Andrew I. Schafer, whom I can never thank enough. Douglas L. Mann, MD, FACC Contributors Michael Acker, MD Julian Booker, MD Professor of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery Division, Department of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School Houston, Texas of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Biykem Bozkurt, MD, PhD Kirkwood F. Adams, Jr., MD Professor of Medicine, Cardiology Section, Michael E. DeBakey Professor of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Winters Center for Heart Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Failure Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas Chapel Hill, North Carolina Michael R. Bristow, MD, PhD Inder S. Anand, MD, FRCP, DPhil (Oxon) Professor of Medicine, Deparment of Medicine, Division of Professor of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Cardiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Minnesota Medical School; Director of Heart Failure Clinic, Aurora, Colorado Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota John C. Burnett, Jr., MD Stefan D. Anker, MD, PhD Professor of Medicine, Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Professor of Medicine, Applied Cachexia Research, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Heart and Lung Department of Cardiology, Charité Medical School, Campus Research Center, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Clinic College of Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany; Centre for Clinical and Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota Basic Research, IRCCS San Raffaele, Rome, Italy Daniel J. Cantillon, MD Piero Anversa, MD Professor of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Professor of Medicine and Anesthesia, Departments of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio Anesthesia and Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Blase A. Carabello, MD, FACC Massachusetts Professor of Medicine and Vice Chairman, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine; Medical Care Catalin F. Baicu, PhD Line Executive, Houston Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Assistant Professor of Medicine, The Ralph H. Houston, Texas Johnson Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina Jay N. Cohn, MD Professor of Medicine, Director, Rasmussen Center for Kenneth M. Baker, MD Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Cardiovascular Division, Professor and Vice Chair, Department of Medicine, Division University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, of Molecular Cardiology; Director, Mayborn Chair in Minnesota Cardiovascular Research, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas Wilson S. Colucci, MD Professor of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Section, Rob S. Beanlands, MD Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Chief, Cardiac Imaging, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Boston, Massachusetts Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Leslie T. Cooper, Jr., MD Kerstin Bethmann, PhD Professor of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota School, Hannover, Germany Lisa Costello-Boerrigter, MD, PhD Courtney L. Bickford, PharmD, BCSPS Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiovascular Division of Pharmacy, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Diseases, Mayo Heart and Lung Research Center, Mayo Cancer Center, Houston, Texas Clinic and Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota Guido Boerrigter, MD Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiovascular Lori B. Daniels, MD Diseases, Mayo Heart and Lung Research Center, Mayo Clinic Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Diego, and Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota San Diego, California Roberta C. Bogaev, MD Reynolds M. Delgado III, MD Cardiopulmonary Transplant Service, Texas Heart Institute, Cardiopulmonary Transplant Service, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas Houston, Texas Robert O. Bonow, MD Anita Deswal, MD, MPH Max and Lilly Goldberg Distinguished Professor of Associate Professor of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Medicine; Co-Director, Bluhm Cardiovascular Institute, Winters Center for Heart Failure Research, Baylor College Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Illinois of Medicine, Houston, Texas vii viii Abhinav Diwan, MBBS Mihai Gheorghiade, MD, FACC Assistant Professor of Medicine, Center for Professor of Medicine and Surgery; Associate Chief, Pharmacogenomics and Cardiovascular Division, Division of Cardiology; Chief, Cardiology Clinical Service, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University Director, Telemetry Unit, Northwestern University Feinberg and St. Louis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois Missouri Thomas D. Giles, MD Wolfram Doehner, MD, PhD Professor of Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane Professor of Medicine, Center for Stroke Research, Applied University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana Cachexia Research, Department of Cardiology, Charité University Medical School, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Stephen Gottlieb, MD Berlin, Germany Professor of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland Hisham Dokainish, MD Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Yusuf Hassan, MD Houston, Texas Division of Cardiology, The University of Texas Houston Health Science Center, Houston, Texas Gerald W. Dorn II, MD Professor of Medicine, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Edward P. Havranek, MD Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Professor of Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Washington University, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Denver, St. Louis, Missouri Colorado Helmut Drexler, MD Shunichi Homma, MD Professor of Cardiology, Department of Cardiology and Associate Chief, Division of Cardiology; Director, Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany Cardiovascular Ultrasound Laboratories, Professor of Medicine, Margaret Milliken Hatch Professor of Medicine, Arthur M. Feldman, MD, PhD New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York Magee Professor and Chairman, Department of Medicine, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Burkhard Hornig, MD Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical G. Michael Felker, MD, MHS School, Hannover, Germany Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Steven R. Houser, PhD, FAHA Center, Durham, North Carolina Professor of Phys, Cardiovascular Research Center, Molecular and Cellular Cardiology Laboratories, Department James D. Flaherty, MD of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Interventional Cardiology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois Joanne S. Ingwall, PhD Professor of Medicine (Physiology), Brigham and Women’s John S. Floras, MD, DPhil, FRCPC, FACC, FAHA Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Professor of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, University Health Network, Division of Cardiology, The University of Shahrokh Javaheri, MD Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Emeritus Professor of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine; Medical Director, Sleepcare Viorel G. Florea, MD, PhD, DSc, FACC Diagnostics, Cincinnati, Ohio Assistant Professor of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center, John Lynn Jefferies, MD, MPH Minneapolis, Minnesota Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Gary S. Francis, MD Houston, Texas Professor of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota Mariell Jessup, MD Professor of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Department Wayne Franklin, MD of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Assistant Professor of Medicine; Medical Director, Texas Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Adult Congenital Heart Disease Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas Saurabh Jha, MBBS Assistant Professor of Radiology, Hospital at the University O. H. Frazier, MD of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Cardiopulmonary Transplant Service, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas Jan Kajstura, PhD Department of Anesthesia, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Matthias Freidrich, MD Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts The Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada David A. Kass, MD Ronald S. Freudenberger, MD Abraham and Virginia Weiss Professor of Cardiology; Director, Center for Advanced Heart Failure, Lehigh Valley Professor of Medicine; Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Hospital and Health Network, Allentown, Pennsylvania; Institute of Molecular Cardiobiology, Division of Cardiology, Professor of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland College of Medicine, State College, Pennsylvania Arnold M. Katz, MD, DMed (Hon) Kenneth B. Margulies, MD ix Professor of Medicine Emeritus, University of Connecticut Professor of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Department School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut; Visiting of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Professor of Medicine and Physiology, Dartmouth Medical Philadelphia, Pennsylvania School, Hanover, New Hampshire Ali J. Marian, MD Richard N. Kitsis, MD Professor of Molecular Medicine and Internal Medicine Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Albert (Cardiology); Director, Center for Cardiovascular Genetic Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York Research, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular C o Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, n Marvin A. Konstam, MD Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital, trib Professor of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine; Houston, Texas u t Director, Cardiovascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, o r Boston, Massachusetts Matthew Maurer, MD s Assistant Professor of Clinical Medicine, Columbia Varda Konstam, PhD University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts New York William E. Kraus, MD Dennis M. McNamara, MD, MSc Professor of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Professor of Medicine, Director, Heart Durham, North Carolina Failure/Transplantation Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Rajesh Kumar, PhD Assistant Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Mandeep R. Mehra, MBBS, FACC, FACP Division of Molecular Cardiology, Texas A&M Health Professor of Medicine, Herbert Berger Professor and Head Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas of Cardiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland Ulf Landmesser, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine, Department of Cardiology Gustavo F. Méndez Machado, MD, MSc, FESC and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Consultant Cardiologist, Department of Research, IMSS Germany Adolfo Ruiz Cortines National Medical Center, Veracruz, Mexico Thierry H. Le Jemtel, MD Henderson Chair and Professor of Medicine; Director, Marco Metra, MD Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplantation Program, Tulane Division of Cardiology, Department of Experimental and University, New Orleans, Louisiana Applied Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy Ilana Lehmann, PhD Debra K. Moser, DNSc, RN, FAAN University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts Professor and Gill Endowed Chair of Nursing, University of Kentucky, College of Nursing, Lexington, Kentucky Annarosa Leri, MD Associate Professor, Department of Anesthesia, Brigham Wilfried Mullens, MD and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Massachusetts Ohio Martin M. LeWinter, MD Ashleigh A. Owen, MD Professor of Medicine and Molecular Physiology and Medical University of South Carolina, Ralph H. Johnson Biophysics, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina Burlington, Vermont Jing Pan, MD, PhD Chang-Seng Liang, MD, PhD Assistant Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Professor of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Section, Division of Molecular Cardiology, Texas A&M Health Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas Boston, Massachusetts Richard D. Patten, MD, FACC Alan S. Maisel, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine, Catholic Medical Center, Professor of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University New England Heart Institute, Manchester, New Hampshire of California–San Diego, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, California Naveen Pereira, MD Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Donna M. Mancini, MD Minnesota Professor of Medicine, Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, New York Linda R. Peterson, MD, FACC, FAHA, FASE Associate Professor of Medicine and Radiology, Douglas L. Mann, MD, FACC Cardiovascular Division, Division of Geriatrics and Lewin Professor and Chief, Cardiovascular Division, Nutritional Sciences, Washington University School of Washington University School of Medicine; Cardiologist-in- Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri Chief, Barnes Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri Ileana L. Piña, MD Professor of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio