HEALING BODIES,SAVING SOULS MEDICAL MISSIONS IN ASIA AND AFRICA THE WELLCOME SERIES IN THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE Forthcoming: British Military and Naval Medicine, 1600-1830 Edited by Geoff Hudson The Wellcome Series in the History of Medicine series editors are V. Nutton, M. Neve and R. Cooter. Please send all queries regarding the series to Michael Laycock, The Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL, 210 Euston Road, London NW1 2BE, UK. HEALING BODIES,SAVING SOULS MEDICAL MISSIONS IN ASIA AND AFRICA Edited by David Hardiman Amsterdam – New York, NY 2006 First published in 2006 by Editions Rodopi B.V., Amsterdam – New York, NY 2006. Editions Rodopi B.V. © 2006 Design and Typesetting by Michael Laycock, The Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL. Printed and bound in The Netherlands by Editions Rodopi B.V., Amsterdam – New York, NY 2006. Index by Indexing Specialists (UK) Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from The Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 10: 90-420-2106-3 ISBN 13: 978-90-420-2106-8 ‘Healing Bodies, Saving Souls Medical Missions in Asia and Africa– Amsterdam – New York, NY: Rodopi. – ill. (Clio Medica 80 / ISSN 0045-7183; The Wellcome Series in the History of Medicine) Front cover: A medical missionary attending to a sick African. Oil painting by Harold Copping, 1930. Courtesy: Wellcome Library, London. © Editions Rodopi B. V., Amsterdam – New York, NY 2006 Printed in The Netherlands All titles in the Clio Medica series (from 1999 onwards) are available to download from the IngentaConnect website: http://www.ingentaconnect.com Contents List of Illustrations 1 Acknowledgements 3 1 Introduction David Hardiman 5 2 Seeking Souls through the Eyes of the Blind: The Birth of the Medical Missionary Society in Nineteenth-Century China Michael C. Lazich 59 3 Local Voluntarism: The Medical Mission of the London Missionary Society in Hong Kong, 1842–1923 Timothy Man-kong Wong 87 4 Professionalising the Rural Medical Mission in Weixian, 1890–1925 John R. Stanley 115 5 Christian Therapy: Medical Missionaries and the Adivasis of Western India, 1880–1930 David Hardiman 137 6 Colonialism, Cannabis and the Christians: Mission Medical Knowledge and the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission of 1893–4 James H. Mills 169 7 African Medical Personnel of the Universities’ Mission to Central Africa in Northern Rhodesia Linda Beer Kumwenda 193 8 ‘A Matter of Vital Importance’: The Place of the Medical Mission in Maternal and Child Healthcare in Tanganyika, 1919–39 Michael Jennings 227 9 Curing Bodies to Rescue Souls: Health in Capuchin’s Missionary Strategy in Eritrea, 1894–1935 Uoldelul Chelati Dirar 251 10 The Social Dimensions of Christian Leprosy Work among Muslims: American Missionaries and Young Patients in Colonial Northern Nigeria, 1920–40 Shobana Shankar 281 11 Administering Leprosy Control in Ogoja Province, Nigeria, 1945–67: A Case Study in Government–Mission Relations John Manton 307 Notes on Contributors 333 Index 337 List of Illustrations 1.1 ‘Preaching to Native Patients at the Kashmir Medical Mission.’ 17 1.2 ‘Dr A.R. Cook writing prescriptions, Mengo Hospital.’ 19 1.3 ‘An operation in Mengo Hospital.’ 19 1.4 ‘Out of darkness: Dr Iliff removes the bandages from a cataract patient, Bannu.’ 25 1.5 ‘Attending female out-patients in an Indian hospital.’ 30 1.6 ‘Dr Drewe gives an injection to a witchdoctor. Holy Cross, Pondoland.’ 38 1.7 ‘Dispensary Tent of the Cashmere Medical Mission.’ 39 1.8 Advertisement insert in Medical Missions at Home and Abroad, October 1895. 41 1.9 ‘Raw material’ and ‘A Nurse at Holy Cross – finished product!’ 45 1.10 ‘An anxious mother brings her baby to St Luke’s Hospital, Hiranpur.’ 46 2.1 Dr Peter Parker by the Western trained Chinese painter Lam Qua, c.1840. 67 5.1 ‘Shepherd with some Bhil friends.’ 145 5.2 ‘Missionaries and Missioner at Lusadia.’ 146 5.3 ‘Christian congregation in Khetadra, 1904.’ 156 1 7.1 ‘Orderly from Chipili.’ 201 7.2 St Francis School of Nursing, Katete, early-1950s. 215 10.1 An old leprosarium church at Yadakunya, Nigeria, now a TB ward. 285 2 Acknowledgements This volume has grown from a conference on ‘Medical Missions in Asia and Africa’ that was held at the University of Warwick in May–June 2002. As the organiser of this conference, I would like to thank the Centre for the History of Medicine and the Department of History at Warwick, the Wellcome Trust in London, and the Wellcome Unit for the History of Medicine in Oxford for help in funding. Besides the contributors to this volume, I would like to thank the following who attended and helped to make of it a most stimulating occasion (in alphabetical order): Bridie Andrews, David Arnold, Rosemary Fitzgerald, Deborah Gaitskell, Sue Gronewald, Mark Harrison, Sarah Hodges, Shruti Kapila, Maneesha Lal, Murray Last, Vicky Long, Sloane Mahone, Shula Marks, Hilary Marland, Richard Newman, Daniel O’Connor, Jo Robertson, Sheryl Root, Lyn Schumacher, Samiksha Sehrawat, Helen Tilly, Megan Vaughan, Gregory Wells, and Michael Worboys. In addition, I would like to thank Rosemary Fitzgerald, Mark Harrison, and Brian Stanley for their very helpful comments on the manuscript. 3