Head and Neck Surgery - Otolaryngology (2-Volume Set) 3rd edition (October 15, 2001): by Byron J., Md. Bailey (Editor), Karen H., Md. Calhoun (Editor), Gerald B., Md. Healy (Editor), Harold C., Iii, Md. Pillsbury (Editor), Jonas T., Md. Johnson (Editor), M. Eugene, Jr., Md. Tardy (Editor), Robert K, Md. Jackler (Editor), Anthony Pazos (Illustrator), Chri Gralapp By Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers By OkDoKeY Head & Neck Surgery - Otolaryngology CONTENTS Editors Dedication Contributing Authors Preface Acknowledgments Color Plates VOLUME ONE SECTION I: BASIC SCIENCE/GENERAL MEDICINE 1 Surgical Anatomy of the Head and Neck Susan D. John and Michael D. Maves 2 Genetics Adriane P. Concus, Michael S. Benninger, Daniel L. Van Dyke, and Bruce R. Korf 3 Advances in Molecular Biology Michael Friedman and Jessica W. Lim 4 Principles of Pharmacology and Medical Therapy Richard L. Mabry 5 Microbiology, Infections, and Antibiotic Therapy David N. F. Fairbanks 6 Diagnostic Imaging Arnold M. Noyek, Ian J. Witterick, Daniel M. Fliss, and Edward E. Kassel 7 Trends in Diagnostic Pathology Robert L. Reddick and Anne Cale Jones 8 Allergy and Immunology Robert M. Naclerio 9 Neurology Frank E. Lucente, Samir Shah, and Roger Kula 10 Ophthamology Jean Edwards Holt 11 Anesthesiology Dirk Younker and Shawn D. Newlands 12 Endocrinology Jeffrey D. Bunn, Amy R. Coffey, and George H. Petti, Jr. 13 Degenerative and Idiopathic Diseases Todd E. Samuelson and Byron J. Bailey 14 Connective Tissue Diseases Gary L. Schechter, James A. Salata, and Shawn D. Newlands 15 Granulomatous Diseases of the Head and Neck Mark C. Littlejohn, Byron J. Bailey, and John K. Yoo 16 Dynamics of Wound Healing David J. Terris 17 Outpatient Evaluation and Diagnosis James A. Duncavage and John R. Coleman, Jr. 18 Perioperative Management Issues David M. Barrs 19 Geriatric Otolaryngology Byron J. Bailey 20 Headache and Facial Pain Alan G. Finkel, J. Douglas Mann, and Thomas F. Lundeen 21 Manifestations of the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Thomas A. Tami and Kelvin C. Lee 22 Olfactory Function and Dysfunction Richard L. Doty and Daniel A. Deems 23 Nasal Function and Evaluation Thomas V. McCaffrey 24 Nonallergic Rhinitis Shawn D. Newlands 25 Allergic Rhinosinusitus Richard L. Mabry 26 Nasal Obstruction Bruce W. Jafek and Brennan T. Dodson 27 Midline Nasal Masses Sharen J. Knudsen and Byron J. Bailey 28 Sinus Anatomy and Function Ronald G. Amedee and Andrew J. Miller 29 Sinus Imaging Barbara A. Zeifer 30 Rhinosinusitis: Current Concepts and Management A. Daniel Pinheiro, George W. Facer, and Eugene B. Kern 31 Sinus Surgery Steven D. Schaefer, Ray O. Gustafson, and Stephen F. Bansberg 32 Endoscopic Sinus Surgery Donald C. Lanza and David W. Kennedy 33 Approaches to the Sphenoidal Sinus Raymond L. Weiss, Jr. and Byron J. Bailey 34 Sphenoid Sinus Disease Daniel J. Ratcliff and Bradley F. Marple 35 Complications of Sinus Surgery James A. Stankiewicz 36 Epistaxis Perry M. Santos and Michael Leo Lepore 37 Anatomy and Physiology of the Salivary Glands Theda C. Kontis and Michael E. Johns 38 Salivary Gland Imaging Terry S. Becker 39 Nonneoplastic Diseases of the Salivary Glands Dale H. Rice 40 Controversies in Salivary Gland Disease John M. Truelson 41 Upper Digestive Tract Anatomy and Physiology Jeri A. Logemann 42 Upper Airway Anatomy and Function Gayle E. Woodson 43 Upper Digestive Tract Evaluation and Imaging Haskins E. Kashima and Robert W. Gayler 44 Airway Evaluation and Imaging Robert H. Miller, Robert C. Wang, and Andrew J. Nemechek 45 Taste John F. Kveton and Linda M. Bartoshuk 46 Stomatitis Steven B. Aragon, Bruce W. Jafek, and Steve Johnson 47 Pharyngitis Lester D.R. Thompson, Bruce M. Wenig, and Alan D. Kornblut 48 Odontogenic Infections William Lawson and Anthony J. Reino 49 Temporomandibular Joint Disorders William C. Donlon 50 Snoring and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Regina Paloyan Walker 51 Laryngitis Gregory N. Postma, Milan R. Amin, and James A. Koufman 52 Hoarseness and Vocal Cord Paralysis Robert C. Wang and Robert H. Miller 53 Benign Lesions of the Larynx Elie E. Rebeiz and Stanley M. Shapshay 54 Voice Disorders and Phonosurgery Gerald S. Berke 55 Controversies in Laryngology James A. Koufman, Milan R. Amin, and Gregory N. Postma 56 Esophageal Disorders William W. Shockley and Austin S. Rose 57 Complex Upper Airway Problems Robert A. Sofferman 58 Tracheotomy and Intubation Mark C. Weissler 59 Controversies in Upper Airway Obstruction Amelia F. Drake and Michael O. Ferguson 60 Infections of the Deep Spaces of the Neck Bruce A. Scott, Charles M. Stiernberg, and Brian P. Driscoll 61 Principles of Trauma Peter J. Koltai and Paul H. Kispert 62 Auricular Trauma Karen H. Calhoun 63 Laryngeal Trauma Steven D. Schaefer and Scott P. Stringer 64 Management of Soft Tissue Trauma F. Brian Gibson 65 Mandibular Fractures Joseph L. Leach and Mark T. Newcomer 66 Maxillary and Periorbital Fractures Robert B. Stanley, Jr. 67 Fractures of the Nasal and Frontal Sinuses Byron J. Bailey and Luke K. S. Tan 68 Penetrating Face and Neck Trauma Michael G. Stewart 69 Complex Facial Trauma with Plating Robert M. Kellman and Sherard A. Tatum SECTION II: PEDIATRIC OTOLARYNGOLOGY 70 Pediatric Otolaryngology Michael J. Cunningham and Leila A. Mankarious 71 Airway Imaging in Children Susan D. John and Leonard E. Swischuk 72 Pediatric Sleep-Disordered Breathing Michael D. Poole and Kevin S. Pereira 73 Laryngeal Stenosis Michael J. Rutter and Robin T. Cotton 74 Stridor, Aspiration, and Cough Mark E. Gerber, Michael E. Dunham, and Lauren D. Holinger 75 Pediatric Tracheotomy Ronald W. Deskin 76 Caustic Ingestion and Foreign Bodies in the Aerodigestive Tract Ellen M. Friedman 77 Congenital Neck Masses and Cysts Robert L. Pincus 78 Congenital Anomalies of the Nose Roy B. Sessions and Catherine Picken 79 Pediatric Rhinosinusitus Rodney P. Lusk 80 Cleft Lip and Palate: Evaluation and Treatment of the Primary Deformity Robin A. Dyleski, Dennis M. Crockett, and Robert W. Seibert 81 Tosillitis, Tonsillectomy, and Adenoidectomy Linda Brodsky and Christopher Poje 82 Controversies in Tonsillectomy, Adenoidectomy, and Tympanostomy Tubes Charles D. Bluestone 83 Congenital Anomalies of the Aerodigestive Tract Gerald B. Healy 84 Neonatal Respiratory Distress Charles M. Myer III and James H. Liu 85 Recurrent Respiratory Pappillomatosis Craig S. Derkay 86 The Syndromal Child Richard J.H. Smith and Jose M. Manaligod 87 Pediatric Malignancies Mark E. Gerber and Robin T. Cotton 88 Anatomy and Physiology of the Eustachian Tube System Charles D. Bluestone 89 Otitis Media with Effusion Margaret A. Kenna and Reza Rahbar 90 Genetic Hearing Loss Patrick E. Brookhouser 91 Pediatric Audiology Deborah L. Carlson and Hilary L. Reeh 92 Pediatric Facial Fractures Peter J. Koltai 93 Congenital Vascular Lesions Norman R. Friedman and Ron Mitchell VOLUME TWO SECTION III: NEW FRONTIERS 94 Imaging Technology in Otolaryngology Marvin P. Fried and Richard V. Smith 95 Overview of Alternative Medicine Benjamin F. Asher 96 Understanding Data and Interpreting the Literature Richard M. Rosenfeld 97 The Business of Medicine and Planning Your Future Lee D. Eisenberg SECTION IV: HEAD AND NECK SURGERY 98 Gene Therapy Samuel J. Cunningham, Gary L. Clayman, and Michael W. Sicard 99 Guidelines for Patient Care Theodoros N. Teknos, John U. Coniglio, and James L. Netterville 100 Principles of Chemotherapy in the Management of Head and Neck Cancer Bruce E. Brockstein and Everett E. Vokes 101 Principles of Radiation Oncology David H. Hussey and B-Chen Wen 102 Tumor Biology and Immunology of Head and Neck Cancer William J. Richtsmeier 103 Cutaneous Malignancy Fred J. Stucker, Cherie-Ann O. Nathan, and Timothy S. Lian 104 Malignant Melanoma Jeffrey N. Myers and Andrew J. Nemechek 105 Neoplasms of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses Ricardo L. Carrau and Eugene N. Myers 106 Orbital Tumors Mark A. Alford and Jeffrey A. Nerad 107 Salivary Gland Neoplasms David W. Eisele and Michael E. Johns 108 Lip Cancer Ramon M. Esclamado and Charles J. Krause 109 Neoplasms of the Oral Cavity Paul A. Levine and R. Jeffrey Hood 110 Odontogenic Cysts, Tumors, and Related Jaw Lesions Eric J. Dierks and Mark L. Bernstein 111 Neck Dissection Jesus E. Medina 112 Controversies in Management of the No Neck in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Upper Aerodigestive Tract Christopher H. Rassekh and Jonas T. Johnson 113 Lymphomas of the Head and Neck Alan Yuen and Charlotte Jacobs 114 Thyroid Disease and Surgery Carl E. Silver, Helen H. Kim, Wendy B.R. Stern, and Randall P. Owen 115 Parathyroid Disease and Surgery George H. Petti, Jr. 116 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Mark C. Witte and H. Bryan Neel III 117 Oropharyngeal Cancer Hadi Seikaly and Christopher H. Rassekh 118 Hypopharyngeal Cancer Gary L. Schechter and J. Trad Wadsworth 119 Cervical Esophageal Cancer Jonas T. Johnson 120 Early Glottic and Supraglottic Carcinoma A: Vertical Partial Laryngectomy and Laryngoplasty Byron J. Bailey B: Supraglottic Laryngectomy Lawrence W. DeSanto C: Supracricoid Partial Laryngectomy Christopher H. Rassekh, Gregory S. Weinstein, and Ollivier Laccourreye 121 Advanced Cancer of the Larynx Harsha V. Gopal, Robert Frankenthaler, and Marvin P. Fried 122 Voice Rehabilitation after Laryngectomy Mark I. Singer and Carla DeLassus Gress 123 Management of Intractable Aspiration David E. Eibling 124 Tracheal Tumors Michael F. Reed and Douglas J. Mathisen 125 Vascular Tumors of the Head and Neck Michael D. Maves and Carl “Rusty” Stevens 126 Cranial Base Surgery Peter D. Costantino and Ivo P. Janecka 127 Surgical Techniques to Enhance Prosthetic Rehabilitation Jack W. Martin, James C. Lemon, and Mark S. Chambers SECTION V: OTOLOGY 128 Development of the Ear Michael Wareing, Anil K. Lalwani, and Robert K. Jackler 129 Anatomy and Physiology of Hearing John H. Mills and Peter C. Weber 130 Vestibular Function and Anatomy Conrad Wall III and Jeffrey T. Vrabec 131 Balance Function Tests Colin L.W. Driscoll and J. Douglas Green, Jr. 132 Assessment of Peripheral and Central Auditory Function James W. Hall III and Patrick J. Antonelli 133 Neurophysiological Intraoperative Monitoring David Haynes, Sam Marzo, and Brian A. Moore 134 Imaging Studies of the Temporal Bone Hung Jeffrey H. Kim, Nicholas J. Patronas, Brian S. Goldstein, and Patrick J. Oliverio 135 Infections of the External Ear Christopher J. Linstrom, Frank E. Lucente, and Eric M. Joseph 136 Neoplasms of the Ear and Lateral Skull Base Bradley P. Pickett and Edward J. Hepworth 137 Congenital Aural Atresia Paul R. Lambert 138 Intratemporal and Intracranial Complications of Otitis Media J. Gail Neely 139 Middle Ear and Temporal Bone Trauma Donald B. Kamerer and Scott W. Thompson 140 Cholesteatoma Chester L. Strunk and Paul R. Lambert 141 Surgery of the Mastoid and Petrosa Richard A. Chole and Hilary A. Brodie 142 Reconstruction of the Tympanic Membrane and Ossicular Chain Charles M. Luetje III 143 Otosclerosis Peter S. Roland and William L. Meyerhoff 144 Acute Paralysis of the Facial Nerve Newton J. Coker and Jeffrey T. Vrabec 145 Otological Manifestations of Systemic Disease Alexander J. Schleuning, Jr., Peter E. Andersen, and Karen J. Fong 146 Infections of the Labyrinth A. Julianna Gulya 147 Noise-Induced Hearing Loss Robert A. Dobie 148 Ototoxicity John M. Brockenbrough, Leonard P. Rybak, and Gregory J. Matz 149 Cerebellopontine Angle Tumors Derald E. Brackmann and J. Douglas Green, Jr. 150 Sudden Sensory Hearing Loss George T. Hashisaki 151 Tinnitus Alexander J. Schleuning, Jr. and William Hal Martin 152 Autoimmune Inner-Ear Disease Jeffrey P. Harris 153 Aging and the Auditory and Vestibular System Peter S. Roland, Deborah Eaton, and William L. Meyerhoff 154 Cochlear Implants and Other Implantable Auditory Prostheses Richard T. Miyamoto and Karen Iler Kirk 155 Hearing Aids and Assistive Listening Devices Todd A. Ricketts, Albert R. De Chiccis, and Fred H. Bess 156 Peripheral Vestibular Disorders Horst R. Konrad and Carol A. Bauer 157 Central Vestibulopathy C.Y. Joseph Chang 158 Medical Management of Vestibular Disorders and Vestibular Rehabilitation Philip A. Wackym, Carey D. Balaban, and Tammy S. Schumacher 159 Surgical Management of Vestibular Disorders Jeffrey T. Vrabec SECTION VI: FACIAL PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 160 Grafts and Implants in Facial, Head, and Neck Surgery G. Richard Holt 161 Local Skin Flaps: Anatomy, Physiology, and General Types Kevin A. Shumrick and Andrew C. Campbell 162 Microvascular Free Flaps in Head and Neck Reconstruction Douglas B. Chepeha and Theodoros N. Teknos 163 Mandibular Reconstruction D. W. Buchbinder and M. L. Urken 164 Surgical Reconstruction After Mohs Surgery Terry S. Olson and R. Stanley Baker 165 Tissue Expansion in Reconstruction G. Richard Holt 166 Scar Camouflage Marcelo Hochman 167 Nasal Restoration with Flaps and Grafts A: Large Nasal Defects Gary C. Burget B: Small Nasal Defects Stephen S. Park 168 Surgery for Exophthalmos Jean Edwards Holt and G. Richard Holt 169 Facial Reanimation Steven M. Parnes 170 Facial Analysis Becky McGraw-Wall 171 Pictorial Documentation: Traditional Photography and Digital Imaging J. Todd Andrews 172 Preoperative Evaluation of the Aesthetic Surgery Patient Kweon I. Stambaugh 173 Surgical Anatomy of the Nose M. Eugene Tardy, Jr., James Alex, David Hendrick, and Steven H. Dayan 174 Introduction to Rhinoplasty Karen H. Calhoun 175 External Rhinoplasty Approach Dean M. Toriumi, David A. Hecht, and Jason J. Emer 176 Refinement of the Nasal Tip M. Eugene Tardy, Jr., David Hendrick, and James Alex 177 Special Considerations in Rhinoplasty Wayne F. Larrabee, Jr. and Ramsey Alsarraf 178 Revision Rhinoplasty Frank M. Kamer and Patrick G. Pieper 179 Blepharoplasty Norman J. Pastorek 180 The Aging Face (Rhytidectomy) Russell W.H. Kridel and Leonard V. Covello 181 The Aging Neck Douglas D. Dedo and Ahmed S. Ismail 182 The Aging Forehead Peter A. Adamson, Eugenie Brunner, and David C. Pearson 183 Congenital Auricular Malformation Eugenio A. Aguilar III 184 Chin and Malar Augmentation William E. Silver and Matthew D. Byers 185 Chemical Peeling Frank C. Koranda 186 Cervicofacial Liposurgery Eugenio A. Aguilar III 187 Management of Benign Facial Lesions Fred F. Shahan and Henry H. Roenigk, Jr. 188 Management of Alopecia Raymond J. Konior and Russell W.H. Kridel 189 Laser Skin Resurfacing David A. Hecht and Dean M. Toriumi SECTION VII: MISCELLANEOUS 190 Medical Ethics Rounds Sharen J. Knudsen and Byron J. Bailey 191 Eponyms in Otolaryngology Kim R. Jones and Harold C. Pillsbury III EDITORS BYRON J. BAILEY, M.D. Wiess Professor and Chairman Department of Otolaryngology University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston Galveston, Texas GERALD B. HEALY, M.D. Otolaryngologist-in-Chief Department of Otolaryngology Children’s Hospital Professor of Otology and Laryngology Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts JONAS T. JOHNSON, M.D. Vice Chairman Department of Otolaryngology University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Health Systems The Eye and Ear Institute of Pittsburgh Professor Department of Otolaryngology and Radiation Oncology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ROBERT K. JACKLER, M.D. Professor of Otolaryngology and Neurological Surgery Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery University of California—San Francisco Medical Center San Francisco, California KAREN H. CALHOUN, M.D., F.A.C.S. Professor and Vice Chair Department of Otolaryngology University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston Galveston, Texas HAROLD C. PILLSBURY III, M.D. Attending Physician University of North Carolina Hospitals Professor and Chief Division of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine Chapel Hill, North Carolina M. EUGENE TARDY, JR., M.D. Professor of Clinical Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery Director, Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery University of Illinois School of Medicine at Chicago Northwestern University Medical School Chicago, Illinois Professor of Clinical Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery Department of Otolaryngology Indiana University School of Medicine Bloomington, Indiana 295 contributors Illustrated by Anthony Pazos and Christine Gralapp DEDICATION To our patients and to the vision of improved health for all who inhabit our shrinking world. I am grateful for the opportunity to have led the marvelous efforts of our authors as they assembled and organized this comprehensive collection of important new medical information. May we always keep the needs of our patients foremost in our minds and in our hearts as we study, learn, and practice the science and art of medicine. B.J.B. To our patients, who are our greatest teachers, and to our willingness to ask the same question again and again until we find an answer that helps these patients. K.H.C. Dedicated to my patients who taught me sensitivity, to my teachers who taught me ethical conduct and to my loving family who taught me the value of passing on my heritage through “giving.” G.B.H. To health care professionals who have focused their professional lives on the well-being of their fellow man and continue to work and study toward the goal of improved health care. J.T.J. To the medical students, residents, and fellows in otolaryngology training. It is through their enthusiasm for acquiring knowledge, their innate curiosity, and their willingness to question established dogma that we educators are ourselves educated. R.K.J. To Dr. Newton D. Fischer who gave me the opportunity to become an otolaryngologist, who enabled me to pursue an academic career, and who made it possible to become Chief of Otolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery well before my time. H.C.P. Within the constantly broadening field of otolaryngology—head and neck surgery, the fundamental and refined principles of plastic and reconstructive surgery find daily application in each of our diverse subspecialities. Through the principles of specialty surgery contained throughout this book, we honor our respected teachers while attempting to catalyze the education of our students and colleagues for the ultimate benefit of all patients. M.E.T. CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS Peter A. Adamson, M.D., F.R.C.S.C., F.A.C.S. Surgeon, Department of Otolaryngology, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network; and, Professor, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Eugenio A. Aguilar III, M.D. ERMOSA Centre for Plastic, Reconstructive and Cosmetic Surgery, Houston, Texas James Alex, M.D. Associate Professor, Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Illinois Medical Center and St. Joseph Hospital, Chicago, Illinois Mark A. Alford, M.D. Chief, Department of Oculoplastic Surgery, Ophthalmology Associates, Fort Worth, Texas Ramsey Alsarraf, M.D., M.P.H. Director, Newbury Center for Cosmetic Facial Plastic Surgery, Associate Staff, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts Ronald G. Amedee, M.D. Professor and Chairman, Department of Otolaryngology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana Milan R. Amin, M.D. Director, Center for Voice & Swallowing, Hahnemann University Hospital; and, Assistant Professor, Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Hahnemann School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Peter E. Andersen, M.D. Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon J. Todd Andrews, M.D. Houston Center for Facial Plastic Surgery, Houston, Texas Patrick J. Antonelli, M.D. Department of Otolaryngology, Shands Hospital; and, Associate Professor, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida Steven B. Aragon, M.D., D.D.S. Department of Otolaryngology, Littleton Hospital, Littleton, Colorado; and, Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado H.A. Arts Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan Benjamin F. Asher, M.D. Instructor in Surgery, Dartmouth Medical School, Berlin, Vermont Byron J. Bailey, M.D. Wiess Professor and Chairman, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas R. Stanley Baker, M.D. Chairman, Department of Otolaryngology, Integris-Baptist Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Carey D. Balaban, Ph.D Professor, Department of Otolaryngology, Eye and Ear Institute of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Stephen F. Bansberg, M.D. Department of Otolaryngology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona David M. Barrs, M.D. Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Otolaryngology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina Linda M. Bartoshuk, M.D. Professor, Department of Surgery, Section of Otolaryngology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connnecticut Carol A. Bauer, M.D. Assistant Professor, Division of Otolaryngology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois Terry S. Becker, M.D. Los Angeles County—University of Southern California Medical Center, Los Angeles, California Michael S. Benninger, M.D. Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan Gerald S. Berke, M.D. Division of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of California—Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California Mark L. Bernstein, D.D.S. Professor, Department of Surgical and Hospital Dentistry, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky Fred H. Bess, M.D. Dan Maddox Hearing Aid Research Laboratory, Vanderbilt Bill Wilkerson Center, Nashville, Tennessee Charles D. Bluestone, M.D. Director, Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Professor of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh Eberly Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Derald E. Brackmann, M.D., F.A.C.S. Clinical Professor of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Clinical Professor of Neurosurgery, University of Southern California School of Medicine; and, Director, House Ear Clinic, St. Vincent Medical Center, Los Angeles, California John M. Brockenbrough, M.D. Department of Otolaryngology, Loyola University School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois Bruce E. Brockstein, M.D. Attending in Medicine, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare; and, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois Hilary A. Brodie, M.D., Ph.D. Associate Professor and Chair, Department of Otolaryngology, University of California—Davis Medical Center; and, Otolaryngology Research Laboratories, University of California—Davis, Davis, California Linda Brodsky, M.D. Chief, Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children’s Hospital of Buffalo/Kaleida Health; and, Professor, Departments of Otolaryngology and Pediatrics, State University of New York—Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York Patrick E. Brookhouser, M.D. Director, Boys Town National Research Hospital; and, Professor and Chairman, Department of Otolaryngology and Human Communication, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska D.W. Buchbinder, M.D. Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York Jeffrey D. Bunn, M.D. Resident in Otolaryngology, Division of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, California Gary C. Burget, M.D., F.A.C.S. Clinical Associate Professor, Section of Reconstructive Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois Matthew D. Byers, M.D. Fellow, Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Premier Image Cosmetic and Laser Center, Atlanta, Georgia; and, Associate, Florida Ear, Sinus & Facial Plastics, Sarasota Memorial Hospital, Sarasota, Florida