THE HARPERCOLLINS BIBLE DICTIONARY REVISED AND UPDATED GENERAL EDITOR MARK ALLAN POWELL ASSOCIATE EDITORS Barry L. Bandstra †Lawrence E. Boadt Joel S. Kaminsky Amy-Jill Levine Eric M. Meyers Jonathan L. Reed Marianne Meye Thompson with the Society of Biblical Literature PREVIOUS EDITIONS General Editor: Paul J. Achtemeier Associate Editors: Roger S. Boraas; Michael Fishbane; Pheme Perkins; William O. Walker Jr. Contents Cover Title Page Editorial Board Contributors Abbreviations Books of the Bible Pseudepigrapha and Early Christian Literature Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Texts Targumic Material Mishnaic and Related Literature Other Rabbinic Works Nag Hammadi Tractates Preface Pronunciation Key A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Credits Copyright About the Publisher Editorial Board General Editor Mark Allan Powell Robert and Phyllis Leatherman Professor of New Testament Studies Trinity Lutheran Seminary, Columbus, Ohio Associate Editors Barry L. Bandstra Evert J. and Hattie E. Blekkink Professor of Religion Hope College, Holland, Michigan † Lawrence E. Boadt Professor Emeritus of Sacred Scriptures Washington Theological Union, Washington, D.C. Joel S. Kaminsky Professor of Religion and Director of Program in Jewish Studies Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts Amy-Jill Levine E. Rhodes and Leona B. Carpenter Professor of New Testament Studies Vanderbilt Divinity School, Nashville, Tennessee Eric M. Meyers Bernice and Morton Lerner Professor of Judaic Studies Duke University, Durham, North Carolina Jonathan L. Reed Professor of New Testament University of La Verne, La Verne, California Marianne Meye Thompson George Eldon Ladd Professor of New Testament Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, California