More praise for H arnessing America’ s Wasted Talent: A New Ecology of Learning “ Love it or not, you ’ ve got to read this book. And, not to worry; it ’ s an easy read — Peter Smith ’ s smooth, comfortable writing style makes it easy and enjoy- able to get the point. What I most love about the book is Smith ’ s setting of the vision for ‘ a new ecology of learning ’ for American higher education, in which the learner controls her learning, not the institution. He envisions a future in which all learning, whether acquired through formal educational formats or otherwise, is assessed validly and then accepted for what it is worth. He sees institutions of higher education, old and new, as central to this learning, but not as the exclusive purveyors of recognized knowledge. His vision is provocative but very realistic. ”— D avid Longanecker, former Assistant Secretary for Higher Education and president, Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education “ Smith makes a compelling case for a new ecology of learning, one that is sure to change dramatically the popular conception of higher education as we know it today. His ideas and arguments are thoughtfully presented and make a compelling case for expanding conventional wisdom about how a ‘ higher education ’ should be obtained. It squares perfectly with the need to provide individuals with new options for acquiring and documenting knowl- edge and skills that they will need for productive and happy lives in a world economy that increasingly depends on and rewards both. ” — Richard Ferguson, chief executive offi cer, ACT “ This book is thought - provoking and important reading for business, education, and government leaders who believe that we can and must do a better job of developing talent in the United States. ”— W illiam D. Green, chairman and CEO, Accenture, and chairman, Education, Innovation and Workforce Initiative, Business Roundtable “ In vintage Peter Smith fashion, this new book sweeps across the landscape of higher education ’ s realities in the new, technology - driven American economy, reminding us again of those working adults who have been left behind by the way the current system is organized, funded, and managed. He graphically describes the consequences of failing to educate the bottom two - thirds of our society and convincingly calls for recognizing and assessing learning that people have gained in work, military life, corporate training, and community service as one way to accelerate the progress of working people toward completion of postsecondary education. ” — Pamela Tate, president and CEO, Council for Adult and Experiential Learning “ Although he writes for a U.S. audience, Peter Smith rings alarm bells for educa- tors in other countries who are busy copying the American higher education system. In a racy, polemical style, he argues that U.S. institutions are the victims of their own previous success and are now incapable of making the changes neces- sary to serve the many intelligent and committed people who are repelled by current academic practices. Drawing on his own experience of heading innova- tive institutions at both the college and university level, he outlines a new educational ecology that will take advantage of the growing abundance of learn- ing materials and the opportunities offered by evolving technology to offer personalized education to match the aspirations of millions of frustrated individuals. ” — Sir John Daniel, president and CEO, Commonwealth of Learning “ Harnessing America ’ s Wasted Talent is optimistic about human potential, passion- ate about educational opportunity, and provocative in its analysis and recom- mendations. Serious educators and policymakers should read and debate these ideas. ” — Paul E. Lingenfelter, president, State Higher Education Executive Offi cers “ Peter Smith provides a compelling statement about the millions of Americans whose skills and contributions are not readily measured by the meritocracy and rigid structures that mark so much of American postsecondary education. His focus on talent — and talent loss — harkens back to identical concerns articulated in a series of national commission reports that began with the historic 1947 Truman Commission Report, H igher Education for American Democracy. Although the institutional profi le and student population of American higher education has changed dramatically since 1947, Smith reminds us that talent develop- ment — and talent loss — remains a continuing concern that has signifi cant con- sequences for individuals and for the commonwealth. ” — Kenneth C. Green, founding director, Campus Computing Project “ Peter Smith makes a compelling case for recognizing — and harnessing — the talent of the many Americans who have fallen through the cracks of our country’ s educational system. This book offers a cohesive road map for institutions to help more individuals fi nd success in today ’ s knowledge - driven economy. ” — Charles B. Reed, chancellor, California State University Harnessing America’s Wasted Talent A New Ecology of Learning Peter Smith Copyright © 2010 by Peter Smith. All rights reserved. Published by Jossey-Bass A Wiley Imprint 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94103-1741—www.josseybass.com No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400, fax 978-646-8600, or on the Web at www.copyright.com. 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You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profi t or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. Jossey-Bass books and products are available through most bookstores. To contact Jossey- Bass directly call our Customer Care Department within the U.S. at 800-956-7739, outside the U.S. at 317-572-3986, or fax 317-572-4002. Jossey-Bass also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Smith, Peter, 1945- Harnessing America’s wasted talent : a new ecology of learning / Peter Smith. – 1st ed. p. cm. – (The Jossey-Bass higher and adult education series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-53807-4 (cloth) 1. Educational technology. 2. Education, Higher–Effect of technological innovations on. 3. Academic achievement. I. Title. LB1028.3.S59 2010 378.73–dc22 2009047072 Printed in the United States of America FIRST EDITION HB Printing 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 The Jossey-Bass Higher and Adult Education Series Contents Preface ix Acknowledgments xxiii About the Author xxv Part One: The Law of Thirds 1. Wasted Talent 3 2. Maxed Out: Why Colleges Can’t Meet This Challenge 21 3. The Paradox of Personal Learning 35 Part Two: Dangerous Conceits 4. Different Strokes for Different Folks 51 5. Learning Is More Than Strictly Academic 67 6. You Can’t Get There from Here 79 Part Three: From Access to Success: A New Ecology of Learning 7. The End of Scarcity: Education’s Emerging Long Tail 95 8. Game Changers: New Media and the Open Education Resource Movement 113 vii viii Contents 9. Reaching the Middle Third: Talent-Friendly Colleges for the Twenty-First Century (C21Cs) 135 Conclusion: A New Ecology of Learning 157 Resources 161 References 165 Index 169 Preface My career has been a continuing personal and professional journey of discovery about adult learning in America. Springing from an instinctive trust in the power and value of experiential learning, grounded in extraordinary learning experiences at the Colorado Outward Bound School and the National Outdoor Leadership School in the 1960s, this journey has proceeded for over forty years. Harnessing America’ s Wasted Talent: A New Ecology of Learning is my best effort to capture and understand the core of my learning during the most recent stage of that journey. In it, I present the synthesized philosophical and operating view that has emerged as a result. Personal learning is the sum total of all the learning you do, formal and informal, from your perspective. Throughout my career, I have read studies and stories about the power of personal learn- ing. I have tried to understand the different ways that people learn. I have helped design two colleges which create learning environ- ments that support the natural ways people learn. And, through it all, I have worried increasingly about our established colleges ’ apparent cultural indifference to many types and styles of learning, as well as much of learning ’ s substance. Human talent is one of America ’ s most important natural resources. And personal learning creates, deepens, and refreshes ix x Preface human talent throughout life. Personal learning is the way that people renew and refresh themselves. We have entered an age in which maximizing human talent is a critical component of human resource, economic, and public education policy. As a result, this vital renewable resource — personal learning — and the talent it nourishes in millions of people can no longer be treated as a side- show to the main event of higher education. I have been a personal learner all my life. So have you. Personal learning is the knowledge you gain from your life experiences, including schooling and other courses you take. It includes actual skills and abilities that are marketable, as well as the values, atti- tudes, perceptions, and understandings that you develop through refl ection and introspection. John Dewey examined the relation- ship between life experiences and personal learning in his book, Democracy and Education: “ Every experience enacted and under- gone modifi es the one who acts and undergoes. … We often see persons … who have the precious gift of ability to learn from the experiences they have. ” Not only do we learn continuously but also our brains are always sorting and sifting through the things that we have learned. Recent research on the human brain suggests that your frontal lobe is more than an equal partner with the rest of the brain. Indeed, it is an orchestrator, refereeing multiple conversations and inqui- ries behind the scenes while you are doing something else, like sleeping. Imagine it! Your brain is always sorting; sifting; and, well, thinking — looking for answers to questions that matter to you. That explains, possibly, why every now and then we have an “ aha!” moment, a realization that comes out of nowhere in an area where we have signifi cant experience and knowledge. During the last forty years, I have had a series of such moments, each of which has deepened and informed my understanding of learning and the interplay between personal learning, schooling, and work. In each case, it was as if pieces of a puzzle, which had been in front of me so long that I had stopped really looking at Preface xi them, suddenly took on form and shape. But the “ answers ” I got weren ’ t solutions. They were guides that cumulatively drove me through fundamental changes in understanding and perception to a new plateau of comprehension, at which I understood and saw things in a new light. There have been three such moments in my life so far. The Value of Learning Outside of College The fi rst such change occurred in the early 1970s, when I came to understand that educators routinely ignore the valuable learning that happens outside of colleges. As the founding president of a fl edgling new college, the Community College of Vermont, I worked with a gifted team of people to bring postsecondary educa- tion to working and poor Vermonters. The experience contained several events that drove my own learning and perception to previ- ously unexplored territory. As I met with our students, mostly poor and working adults in Vermont, they asked me persistently and urgently why they couldn ’ t get “ advanced placement ” for things they already knew. Many had been in Head Start training courses offered by local colleges. Would that experience, or their experience working in a Head Start center, count toward a degree? So I confronted this major issue: why is learning done away from a formal curriculum of little or no value, even if it is suffi ciently sophisticated to qualify for credit toward a degree? I have never found a good educational answer to that question. In fact, we lose the value of powerful and effective learning every day because we treat school as the only place where important learning happens. As the opportunity to learn outside of traditional structures has mushroomed in the last thirty years, this academic conceit has evolved into an expensive and scandalous barrier to opportunity. This experience resulted in my fi rst “ aha! ” moment. Responding to my new perspective, I wrote Your Hidden Credentials: The Value