FFIRS 05/03/2018 10:43:28 Pageii FFIRS 05/03/2018 10:43:28 Pagei HarmfulAlgalBlooms FFIRS 05/03/2018 10:43:28 Pageii FFIRS 05/03/2018 10:43:28 Pageiii Harmful Algal Blooms A Compendium Desk Reference Edited by Sandra E. Shumway University of Connecticut Groton, CT, USA JoAnn M. Burkholder North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC, USA Steve L. Morton NOAA National Ocean Service Charleston, SC, USA FFIRS 05/03/2018 10:43:28 Pageiv Thiseditionfirstpublished2018 2018JohnWiley&SonsLtd Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inany formorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,exceptaspermittedbylaw. Adviceonhowtoobtainpermissiontoreusematerialfromthistitleisavailableathttp://www.wiley.com/go/ permissions. TherightofSandraE.Shumway,JoAnnM.BurkholderandSteveL.Mortontobeidentifiedastheauthor(s)ofthe editorialmaterialinthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewithlaw. 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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:Shumway,SandraE.,editor.|Burkholder,JoAnnM.(JoAnnMarie), editor.|Morton,SteveL.,editor. Title:Harmfulalgalblooms:acompendiumdeskreference/editedbySandraE. Shumway,JoAnnM.Burkholder,SteveL.Morton. Description:Hoboken,NJ:JohnWiley&Sons,2018.|Includesindex.| Identifiers:LCCN2017040583(print)|LCCN2017047559(ebook)|ISBN 9781118994696(pdf)|ISBN9781118994689(epub)|ISBN9781118994658 (cloth) Subjects:LCSH:Toxicalgae.|Algalblooms–Toxicology. Classification:LCCQK568.T67(ebook)|LCCQK568.T67H3722018(print)|DDC 579.8–dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2017040583 CoverDesign:EricHeupel CoverImage:EricHeupel Setin9/11ptWarnockPro-RegularbyThomsonDigital,Noida,India PrintedandboundinSingaporebyMarkonoPrintMediaPteLtd 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 FFIRS 05/03/2018 10:43:28 Pagev We dedicate this book to Robert R.L. Guillard and Theodore J. Smayda, our esteemed colleagues, friends, and mentors. FFIRS 05/03/2018 10:43:28 Pagevi FTOC 03/06/2018 10:29:9 Pagevii vii Contents ListofContributors xvii Acknowledgments xxi Introduction xxiii 1 CausesofHarmfulAlgalBlooms 1 PatriciaM.GlibertandJoAnnM.Burkholder 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 “GettingThere”:TheClassicPerspectiveonIntroducedSpeciesandLinksto CulturalEutrophication 2 1.2.1 IntroducedSpecies 2 1.2.2 AnthropogenicallyIntroducedNutrients 3 1.3 “BeingThere”:BloomsandWhyTheySucceed 5 1.3.1 Nutrient-RelatedHAB 5 1.3.2 ResourceRatios,NutrientStoichiometry,andOptimalNutrientRatios 6 1.3.3 DiversityinUseofFormsofNitrogen 9 1.3.4 Toxicity 10 1.3.5 Mixotrophy:Useof“Packaged”andDissolvedParticulateNutrients 12 1.3.6 OtherAdaptations 13 1.4 “StayingThere”:LinkstoPhysicalStructureandClimate 14 1.4.1 PhysicalStructure:Large-ScaleandSmall-ScaleNaturalHydrologicalFeatures 14 1.4.2 PhysicalDynamics:AnthropogenicHydrologicalChanges 15 1.4.3 ReinforcingFeedbacks 16 1.4.3.1 TrophicDisruptions 16 1.4.3.2 BiogeochemicalAlterations 17 1.4.4 ClimateChange 18 1.5 Conclusions 20 Acknowledgments 21 References 21 2 DetectionandSurveillanceofHarmfulAlgalBloomSpeciesandToxins 39 GregoryJ.Doucette,LindaK.Medlin,PearseMcCarron,andPhilippHess 2.1 Introduction 39 2.2 OrganismDetection 41 2.2.1 Visual/Optical 41 2.2.1.1 LightMicroscopy(LM)/Utermöhl’s 41 2.2.1.2 LightMicroscopy/FlowCytometry 41 2.2.1.3 InVivoFluorometry 42 2.2.1.4 SpectralAbsorbance/Spectroradiometry 43 FTOC 03/06/2018 10:29:9 Pageviii viii Contents 2.2.2 Molecular 43 2.2.2.1 WholeCellFormat 44 2.2.2.2 Cell-FreeFormat 47 2.3 ToxinDetection 51 2.3.1 InVivoAssays 53 2.3.1.1 RatBioassay 58 2.3.1.2 MouseBioassay 58 2.3.2 InVitroAssays 59 2.3.2.1 FunctionalAssays 60 2.3.2.2 StructuralAssays 66 2.3.2.3 Biosensors 71 2.3.3 AnalyticalTechniques 72 2.3.3.1 High-PerformanceLiquidChromatographywithOpticalDetection(UVorFLD) 73 2.3.3.2 LiquidChromatography–MassSpectrometry(LC-MS)andLiquid Chromatography–TandemMassSpectrometry(LC-MS/MS) 75 2.3.3.3 OtherAnalyticalMethods:CapillaryElectrophoresis(CE),Matrix-AssistedLaser DesorptionIonization-TimeofFlight(MALDI-TOF),andLaserAblationElectrospray Ionization(LAESI) 78 2.3.3.4 Perspectives 79 2.4 Autonomous,InSitu Technologies 80 2.4.1 EnvironmentalSampleProcessor(McLaneResearchLaboratories) 81 2.4.2 ImagingFlowCytobot (McLaneResearchLaboratories) 83 2.4.3 OpticalPhytoplanktonDiscriminator(akaBreveBuster;MoteMarineLaboratory) 84 2.4.4 CytoBuoy(CytoBuoyb.v.) 85 2.4.5 SPATTPassiveSamplers 86 2.5 ConclusionsandFutureProspects 87 Disclaimer 89 ReferencesandFurtherReading 89 3 ModelingMarineHarmfulAlgalBlooms:CurrentStatusandFutureProspects 115 KevinJ.FlynnandDennisJ.McGillicuddy,Jr. 3.1 Introduction 115 3.2 BuildingModelstoDescribeEcologicalEvents 117 3.3 LimitationstoWhatModelsCanDo,andWhy 119 3.3.1 BuildingModels 119 3.3.2 ModelComplexity 119 3.3.3 TheNeedforData 120 3.3.4 ValidatingModels 121 3.4 ModelingT-HABandED-HABEvents 121 3.5 HowGoodAreCurrentHABModels? 122 3.6 FutureModelingofT-HABandED-HAB:ManagingExpectations 128 3.7 ImprovingOurCapabilities 129 3.7.1 ChangesintheBiological–ModelingInterface 129 Acknowledgments 130 References 130 4 HarmfulAlgalBloomsandShellfish 135 LeilaBasti,HélèneHégaret,andSandraE.Shumway 4.1 Introduction 135 4.2 MajorShellfishPoisonings 136 4.2.1 ParalyticShellfishPoisoning(PSP) 136 4.2.2 DiarrheicShellfishPoisoning(DSP) 137 4.2.3 NeurotoxicShellfishPoisoning(NSP) 138 4.2.4 AmnesicShellfishPoisoning(ASP) 139