document Historic, archived Do assume not content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. c J— ,;;««->^x United States Hardwood Supply in the ^^^T^tv. Department of Agriculture Northwest: Pacific Forest Service A Policy Perspective Pacific Northwest Research Station Research Paper PNW-RP-478 Terry L. Raettig, Kent P. Connaughton. r January 1995 o and Glenn R. Ahrens o . TERRY L. RAETTIG is an economist, Social and Economic Values Program, Pacific Northwest Research Station, stationed at Olympic National Forest, 1835 Black Lake Blvd. SW, Olympia, WA 98512-5623; KENT P. CONNAUGHTON is a research forester, Social and Economic Values Program, Pacific Northwest Research Station, P.O. Box 3890, Portland, OR 97208-3890; and GLENN R. AHRENS is a faculty research assistant, Forest Science Department, College of Forestry, Oregon State OR University, Corvallis, 97331 Raettig, Terry L; Connaughton, Kent P.; Ahrens, Glenn R. 1995. Hardwood supply in the Pacific Northwest: a policy perspective. Res. Pap. PNW-RP-478 Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 80 p. The policy framework for the hardwood resource and hardwood industry in western Oregon and Washington is examined. Harvesting trends, harvesting behavior of public and private landowners, and harvesting regulation are presented to complete the analysis of factors affecting short-run hardwood supply. In the short term, the supply of hardwoods is generally favorable, but in the long term, the supply is un- certain and cause for concern. Hardwoods need to be recognized in forest manage- ment in the Pacific Northwest. Keywords: Supply, demand, hardwoods, red alder, Alnus rubra, Pacific Northwest. The Policy framework for the hardwood resource and industry in western Oregon and Washington is examined. A detailed summary of the existing inventory was assem- bled with an emphasis on those characteristics related to the short-run supply of hard- woods. Current inventory in Pacific Northwest forests is 36 billion board feet of hard- wood sawtimber. Over two-thirds of the inventory is red alder and most is on private lands in stands of sawtimber size. Harvesting trends, harvesting behavior of public and private landowners, and harvesting regulations are presented to complete the analysis of factors affecting short-run hardwood supply. Annual harvest of hardwoods in the Pacific Northwest is currently about 600 million board feet, most of which comes from privately owned forests. Long-run supply is addressed with a comprehen- sive evaluation of hardwood management. A historical summary and a review of the current institutional and biological dimensions of hardwood forestry in the Pacific Northwest are included. A comprehensive overview of the hardwood industry in the Pacific Northwest is used to assess the demand for the hardwood resources and the contribution of the hardwood industry to the Northwest's rural economies. Markets and marketing of hardwood products and the economic impact of the 7,000 hardwood related jobs are used to put the hardwood demand information into an economic development perspective. Overall major conclusions and recommendations are the the short-run supply of hardwoods is generally favorable; the long-run supply picture is uncertain and cause for concern; hardwoods need to be explicitly recognized in for- est management in the Northwest; opportunity exists for expanding the usage of hard- wood other than red alder; and opportunities exist for expanding value-added manufacturing of all hardwoods, including red alder. Contents 1 Background and Purpose 2 Conditions, Influences, and Trends 2 Overview of Resource Conditions 23 Institutional Factors Affecting Availability 34 Harvesting Trends and Behavior 40 Resource Management Issues 40 The History of Hardwood Forests 43 Attitudes and Policies 43 Current Management and Planning for Hardwoods 49 Benefits From Managing Hardwoods 52 Management Summary 53 The Hardwood Industry 53 The Pacific Northwest Hardwood Industry 57 Markets for Western Hardwood Products 62 Employment and Income 65 Opportunities for Species Other Than Red Alder 67 Conclusions and Recommendations 70 Literature Cited 76 Appendix Background and Until recently the hardwood manufacturing industry and associated hardwood forest Purpose resources in the Pacific Northwest have played a relatively minor role in the timber economy of that region. 7 With forests dominated by softwoods, the various hardwood species were generally underused, and the surplus of growth over harvest gave the region the high hardwood inventories present today. Due to this past surplus and to softwood timber supply problems in the region, interest has increased in the potential for new or expanded industries and in increased employment and income from value- added manufacturing based on the hardwood resource. Interest has intensified with the adjustments occurring in Federal timber supply and the changes in public land management policies. This study is part of a larger program of related research and demonstration projects that explores the possibilities for encouraging hardwood for- estry and hardwood industry in the rural areas of the region. Interviews with representatives of the hardwood industry confirm widespread concern for hardwood supplies. This concern is, at first, surprising, because within the forestry community there has been a persistent image of hardwoods as an overabundant re- source, and foresters have viewed hardwoods as economically undesirable competi- tors of the preferred and better recognized softwood species. Along with the image of overabundance in the woods has came the image of low-valued manufactured pro- ducts and underuse of available raw materials by the hardwood industry. Neither image is consistent with current conditions. Decades of surplus growth have produced substantial hardwood timber inventories that support a growing hardwood industry, but supply problems related to diminishing quantity and quality of raw material recently have developed. Immediate and long-run hardwood supply prospects, therefore, are in doubt. Concern for supply is both ironic and unfortunate, because strong domestic and international markets have been developed for wood products from western hard- woods, particularly red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.). The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the policy situation affecting hardwood sup- ply. Included are detailed evaluations of the principle elements of hardwood policy, including hardwood resource conditions, nonregulatory and regulatory institutions, har- vesting trends and behavior, forest management strategies, markets for manufactured products, and the contribution that the industry makes to the Pacific Northwest and — the Nation. The need for this policy analysis is apparent planning and management for sustainable hardwood resources is in its infancy when compared to the impressive level of attention given the softwood resources in the region. We divide the paper and approach the problem of hardwood policy in three parts: (1) an overview of the hardwood resource conditions in western Oregon and western Washington, including analyses of inventories, regulatory and nonregulatory institu- tions affecting supply, harvesting trends, and harvesting behavior; (2) a comprehen- sive discussion of hardwood management, including its historical basis and current state of practices affecting hardwoods; and (3) an evaluation of the hardwood manu- facturing industry, including its markets and its contribution to the Pacific Northwest 1 Hardwood species include all nonconiferous tree species; generally synonymous with broad-leaved tree species. 2 USDA Forest Service. 1993. The red alder/value added research and demonstration program. Unpublished report. 31 p. On file with: Pacific Northwest Research Station, P.O. Box 3890, Portland, OR 97208-3890. 1 economy. The first section, concentrating on hardwood resources and harvesting, is the foundation for understanding short-run supply. The second section, concentrating on forest management, is the foundation for understanding long-run supply. The last section, concentrating on the industry and its markets, is the foundation for under- standing hardwood demand, the importance of the hardwood industry to the region and the Nation, and the prospects for the industry's future. Conditions, Hardwood availability is determined by the physical characteristics of the resource, Influences, and the objectives and intentions of landowners, management practices carried out by Trends landowners, nonregulatory institutions such as universities and research organiza- tions, and the regulatory environment that defines acceptable harvesting practices. Availability, together with market conditions, determines supply, and supply and de- mand determine harvesting. We discuss each of these topics, and finish with a dis- cussion of the factors that have influenced harvesting of privately owned hardwood and softwood stands in western Oregon and western Washington in the recent past. These discussions lead to a comprehensive evaluation of the supply outlook for hard- woods over the next 20 years. Overview of Resource This overview evaluates the conditions of Federal and non-Federal forests in western Conditions Oregon and western Washington. Although hardwoods are found in eastern Oregon and eastern Washington, those data are not included here. The data for non-Federal forests were collected by the Inventory and Economics Re- search, Development and Application Program of the USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station. Data for Oregon were collected in 1984-86 and esti- mates of area and volume are current as of January 1, 1986, and January 1, 1987 (Gedney and others 1986a, 1986b, 1987). Data for Washington were collected in 1988-90, and information on area and volume is current as of January 1, 1991 (MacLean and others 1992). Non-Federal data are presented, when available, for industrial, other private, and other public ownership categories. Industrial lands are lands owned by companies that grow timber for industrial use. This ownership class includes firms that own wood processing plants and firms that do not process wood. The category "other private lands" includes all private lands not owned by forest in- dustry. Data for Native American forest resources are included in the "other public" category for western Oregon and the "other private" category for western Washington. Volume data are reported, when available, in both board feet of sawtimber and cubic feet of growing stock. Sawtimber volume is measured in board feet net of defect for live hardwoods at least 11 inches in diameter at breast height and containing at least one 8-foot saw log, and for live conifers at least 9 inches in diameter at breast height and containing at least one 12-foot saw log. Growing stock volume is measured in cubic feet net of defect for commercial hardwood and softwood species between a 12-inch stump height and a 4-inch top outside the bark for trees at least 5 inches in diameter at breast height. Inventory data for National Forests and lands managed by the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, were collected by the respective agencies. Be- cause of differences in the inventory processes among and within the agencies, and recognizing the difficulty of updating the inventory to account for dramatic changes in land allocations and management strategies, the inventory information for Federal lands in both Oregon and Washington should be interpreted with caution. Data for Federal lands in Washington are current as of January 1, 1991, and for Oregon are current as of January 1, 1977 (Gedney 1982). 2 — Regional volumes by ownership and species Sawtimber and growing stock — — volumes for all species hardwood and softwood alike are substantial in western Oregon and western Washington (table 1). The largest volumes, representing some 57 percent of the total in the two States, are found in Federal forests; industrial for- ests, with approximately 21 percent, are the next largest ownership; other public and other private ownerships make up the balance, with 12 and 10 percent, respectively. The hardwood resource is substantial in the two States (fig. 1). The region's hard- wood sawtimber inventory of about 36 billion board feet is 9 percent of the total saw- timber volume, and the hardwood growing stock inventory of 11.9 billion cubic feet is 12 percent of the region's total growing stock volume. Red alder is by far the most im- portant hardwood species, comprising almost two-thirds of the hardwood sawtimber and growing stock volumes (fig. 2). Bigleaf maple (Acermacrophyllum Pursh.) and black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray) are the next most abundant species, and together with red alder account for 87 percent of the total volume of hardwood species. The balance of the hardwood volume is accounted for by various of species, including Pacific madrone (Arbutus rnenziesii Pursh), Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook), paper birch (Betula papyrifera var. commutata (Regel) Fern.), Oregon ash (Fraxinus latifolia Benth.), bitter cherry (Prunus emarginata Dougl. ex Eaton), California black oak (Quercus kelloggii Newb.), California-laurel (Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Am.) Nutt.), tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook & Am.) Rend.), giant chinquapin (Castanopsis chrysophylla (Dougl.) A. DC), and canyon live oak (Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.). Some of the these spe- cies are locally important, such as tanoak and Pacific madrone in southwestern Oregon and Oregon white oak in the Willamette Valley. — Table 1 Pacific Northwest total growing stock and sawtimber volume for all 3 species by ownership Owners Other Forest Other All 6 State Federal public industry private owners Million cubic feet Growing stock: Washington 12,580 8,812 12,840 7,089 41,321 Oregon 37,675 3,510 11,199 5,210 57,594 Total 50,255 12,322 24,039 12,299 98,915 Million board feet, Scribnerrule Sawtimber: Washington 59,714 35,483 47,187 26,277 168,660 Oregon 178,096 13,856 38,823 16,251 247,027 Total 237,810 49,339 86,010 42,528 415,687 a Washington volume is estimated as of January 1, 1991. Oregon non-Federal volume is estimated as of January 1, 1986 and 1987. Federal volume in Oregon is estimated as of Janaury 1, 1977. Totals may be off because of rounding. b Includes inventory on lands managed by the Bureau of Land Management and the USDA Forest Service. 3 hardwoods hardwoods 12 36 1 softwoods softwoods 87 380 Growing stock Sawtimber (billion cubic feet) (billion board feet) — Figure 1 Pacific Northwest growing stock and sawtimber inventory (see table 1 for dates of volume estimates). 17,6% 12.5% 6.6% 3.8% 61.4% 62.9% 18.0% 17.2% Growing stock Sawtimber J All others Red alder J Black cottonwood [J] Bigleaf maple — Figure 2 Species distribution of the Pacific Northwest hardwood sawtimber and growing stock inventory (see table 2 for dates of volume estimates).