HANDBOOKOFWORD-FORMATION Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory VOLUME 64 Managing Editors Marcel den Dikken,City University of New York Liliane Haegeman, University of Lille Joan Maling, Brandeis University Editorial Board Guglielmo Cinque, University of Venice Carol Georgopoulos, University of Utah Jane Grimshaw,Rutgers University Michael Kenstowicz,Massachusetts Institute of Technology Hilda Koopman, University of California, Los Angeles Howard Lasnik,University of Maryland Alec Marantz,Massachusetts Institute of Technology John J. McCarthy, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Ian Roberts,University of Cambridge The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume. HANDBOOK OF WORD-FORMATION Edited by PAVOLŠTEKAUER Pre oov University, Pree ov, Slovakia and ROCHELLE LIEBER University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, U.S.A. AC.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN-10 1-4020-3597-7 (PB) ISBN-13 978-1-4020-3597-5(PB) ISBN-10 1-4020-3595-0(HB) ISBN-10 1-4020-3596-9 (e-book) ISBN-13 978-1-4020-3595-1(HB) ISBN-13 978-1-4020-3596-8(e-book) Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AADordrecht, The Netherlands. www.springeronline.com Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 2005 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed in the Netherlands. CONTENTS PREFACE xvii CONTRIBUTORS 1 ANDREW CARSTAIRS-MCCARTHY: BASIC TERMINOLOGY 5 1. The notion of the linguistic sign 5 1.1 EVIDENCE FOR THE MORPHEME-AS-SIGN POSITION IN SAUSSURE’SCOURS 7 1.2EVIDENCE FOR THE WORD-AS-SIGN POSITION IN SAUSSURE’SCOURS 8 2. Morpheme and word 10 2.1 CASE STUDY: ENGLISH NOUN PLURAL FORMS (PART 1) 11 2.2CASESTUDY: THE PERFECT PARTICIPLE FORMSOF ENGLISHVERBS 14 2.3 CASE STUDY: ENGLISH NOUN PLURAL FORMS (PART2) 17 2.4COMPLEMENTARY DISTRIBUTION AND INFLECTION VERSUS DERIVATION 18 3. ‘Morphemes’ since the 1960s 20 ELLEN M.K AISSE: WORD-FORMATION AND PHONOLOGY 25 1. Introduction 25 vi CONTENTS 2. Effects of lexical category, morphological structure, and affix type on phonology 26 2.1 EFFECTS OF LEXICAL CATEGORY AND OF MORPHOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY 26 2.2 COHERING AND NON-COHERING AFFIXES 28 3. Morphology limited by the phonological form of the base of affixation 32 4. Lexical phonology and morphology and its ills 34 5. More recent developments of lexical phonology and morphology 38 6. Howdo relatedwords affecteachottther? The cycle, transderivational effects, paradigm uniformity and the like 39 7. Dothecoheringaffixes ffformacoherentset?Splitbases, SUBCATWORD and phonetics in morphology 41 8. Conclusion 45 GREGORYSTUMP :WORD-FORMATION AND INFLECTIONAL MORPHOLOGY 49 1. The conceptual difference between inflection and word-formation 49 2. The inflectional categories of English 50 3. Practical criteria for distinguishing inflection from word-formation 53 4. Practical criteria for distinguishing inflectional periphrases 59 5. Some similarities between inflection and word-formation 60 6. Complex interactions between inflection and word-formation 61 7. Inflectional paradigms and word-formation paradigms 65 7.1 PARADIGMS AND HEAD MARKING IN INFLECTION AND DERIVATION 65 7.2 PARADIGMS AND BLOCKING IN INFLECTION AND DERIVATION 67 CONTENTS vii ANDREWSPENCER: WORD-FORMATION ANDSYNTAX 73 1. Introduction 73 2. Lexical relatedness and syntax 74 2.1 MORPHOTACTICS IN CLASSICALUSSTRUCTURALISM 74 2.2 MORPHOLOGY ASSYNTAX 74 2.3 LEXICAL INTEGRITY 78 3. Syntactic phenomena inside words 82 4. Argument structure realization 83 4.1 DEVERBAL MORPHOLOGY 83 4.1.1 Action nominals 83 4.1.2 Nominals denotinggrammatical functions 87 4.1.3 -able adjectives 88 4.2 SYNTHETIC COMPOUNDS AND NOUN INCORPORATION 88 5. Theoretical approaches to word formation 89 6. Summary and afterword 93 DIETER KASTOVSKY: HANS MARCHAND AND THE MARCHANDEANS 99 1. Introduction 99 2. Hans Marchand 100 2.1 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 100 2.2 SYNCHRONIC APPROACH 100 2.3 MOTIVATION 101 2.4 MORPHONOLOGICAL ALTERNATIONS 102 2.5 THE CONCEPTOFSYNTAGMA 102 2.6GENERATIVE-TRANSFORMATIONAL INFLUENCE 104 2.7 ANALYSISOFCOMPOUNDS 105 2.8 PRECURSOROF LEXICALIST HYPOTHESIS 106 3. Klaus Hansen 107 3.1 GENERAL 107 3.2 WORD-FORMEDNESSVS.WORD-FORMATION 107 3.3 WORD-FORMATION PATTERN VS.WORD-FORMATION TYPE 108 3.4ONOMASIOLOGICAL APPROACHVS.SEMASIOLOGICAL APPROACH 109 viii CONTENTS 4. Herbert Ernst Brekle 109 4.1 GENERAL 109 4.2 FRAMEWORK 110 4.3 BREKLE’S MODEL 110 4.4 PRODUCTION AND INTERPRETATIONOFCOMPOUNDS 112 5. Leonhard Lipka 112 5.1 GENERAL 112 5.2 THEORETICAL DEVELOPMENT 113 6. Dieter Kastovsky 114 6.1 GENERAL 114 6.2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 115 6.3WORD-FORMATION AT THE CROSSROADSOF MORPHOLOGY, SYNTAX, SEMANTICS, PRAGMATICS AND THE LEXICON 116 7. Gabriele Stein (Lady Quirk) 116 8. Conclusion 118 TOM ROEPER: CHOMSKY’S REMARKS AND THE TRANSFORMATIONALIST HYPOTHESIS 125 1. Nominalizations and Core Grammar 125 1.1 CORE CONTRAST 126 1.2 TRANSFORMATIONS 127 2. The Subject Enigma 128 2.1 PASSIVE -ABILITY NOMINALIZATIONS 130 2.2 -ING NOMINALIZATIONS 132 3. Case Assignment 133 3.1 COPING WITH EXCEPTIONS 133 3.2 THEMATIC-BINDING 134 4. Intriguing Issues: Aspectual Differentiation of Nominalization Affixes 136 5. Where do Affixes Attach? 138 6. Elaborated Phrase Structure and Nominalizations 141 6.1 BARE NOMINALS: PREDICTABLE RESTRICTIONS 142 6.2 HIGH -ING 143 6.3 ACCUSATIVE AND -ING NOMINALIZATIONS 143 CONTENTS ix 7. Conclusion 144 SERGIOSCALISE AND EMILIANO GUEVARA: THE LEXICALIST APPROACH TO WORD-FORMATION AND THE NOTION OF THE LEXICON 147 1. A definition 147 2. A Brief History 148 2.1 LEES (1960) 150 3. The Lexicon 151 4. Lexicalism 153 4.1 HALLE (1973) 153 4.2 ARONOFF (1976) 157 4.2.1The Word-based Hypothesis 157 4.2.2 Word-Formation Rules 158 4.2.3 Productivity 159 4.2.4 Restrictions on WFRs 159 4.2.5 Stratal features 161 4.2.6 Restrictions on the output of WFRs 162 4.2.7 Conditions 162 4.2.8 Summary on Word-Formation Rules 166 5. Some Major Issues 166 5.1 STRONG AND WEAK LEXICALISM 170 6. Moreon the Notionof Lexicon 171 7. Lexicalism Today 173 7.1 INFLECTIONAL MORPHOLOGY 174 7.2 SYNTACTIC MORPHOLOGY 176 7.3 THE SYNTACTIC INCORPORATION HYPOTHESIS 176 7.4 WORD-FORMATION ASSYNTAX 178 7.5 DISTRIBUTED MORPHOLOGY 180 8. Conclusion 181 ROBERT BEARDAND MARK VOLPE: LEXEME-MORPHEME BASE MORPHOLOGY 189 1. Introduction 189