HandbookofUrbanInsectsandArachnids Thisaccountprovidesthefirstcomprehensivecoverageofthe insect and other arthropod pests in the urban environment worldwide. Presented is a brief description, biology, and detailedinformationonthedevelopment,habits,anddistri- butionofurbanandpublichealthpests.Thereare570illus- trations to accompany some of the major pest species. The formatisdesignedtoserveasaready-referenceandtoprovide basicinformationonorders,families,andspecies.Thespecies coverageisinternationalandbasedondistributionindomes- ticandperidomestichabitats.Thereferencesareextensiveand international,andcoverkeypapersonspeciesandgroups.The introductory chapters overview the urban ecosystem and its keyecologicalcomponents,andreviewthepests’statusand modern control strategies. The book will serve as a student textbook, professional training manual, and handbook for pest control professionals, regulatory officials, and urban entomologists.Itisorganizedalphabeticallythroughout. William H Robinson is a major figure in the field of urbanentomology.Heworksextensivelyonurbanpestcontrol strategiesworldwide. Handbook of William H Robinson Urban Insects and Arachnids camʙʀɪdɢe uɴɪveʀsɪtʏ pʀess Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cʙ2 2ʀu, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521812535 © W. H Robinson 2005 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2005 ɪsʙɴ-13 978-0-511-11138-9 eBook (NetLibrary) ɪsʙɴ-10 0-511-11138-x eBook (NetLibrary) ɪsʙɴ-13 978-0-521-81253-5 hardback ɪsʙɴ-10 0-521-81253-4 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of uʀʟs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Contents Preface page vii PartI Urbanentomology 1 Introduction 3 2 Theurbanecosystem 6 3 Peststatusandpestcontrol 15 PartII Insectsintheurbanenvironment 4 Blattaria 35 5 Coleoptera 65 6 Collembola,Dermaptera 139 7 Diptera,Ephemeroptera 147 8 Hemiptera,Homoptera 202 9 Hymenoptera 224 10 Isoptera 291 11 Lepidoptera 328 12 Mantodea,Neuroptera 346 13 Orthoptera,Phasmatodea 350 14 Phthiraptera 359 15 Plecoptera,Psocoptera 365 16 Siphonaptera 374 17 Thysanoptera,Thysanura,Trichoptera 382 PartIII Otherarthropodsintheurbanenvironment 18 Arthropoda 389 Family,genus,speciesindex 441 Index 456 v Preface Hugo Hartnac, Arnold Mallis, James R. Busvine, Walter Ebeling,JohnGerozisis,PhillipHadington,KazuoYasutomi, andKenjiUmeya. Intheirtimeandintheirpartoftheworld,theseentomol- ogists brought together in textbooks and handbooks infor- mation on the biology and control of household, structural, andpublichealthpests.Theireffortstocollectandsumma- rizethesedata,andtoprovidetheirobservationsandpractical experienceoninsectsandotherarthropods,haveservedento- mologists and pest control professionals around the world, andaresincerelyappreciated. The goal of this book was to build on the foundation provided by these authors, then to expand the format and provideinternationalcoverage.Thedisciplineofurbanento- mology is changing; it has grown from research and infor- mationexchangeonaregionalbasistointernationalresearch andcooperationonpests.Themodernstudentandresearch entomologistneedsaccesstoinformationandabasicunder- standingofavarietyofinsectsandotherarthropods,sincedis- tributionandpeststatusaremuchlessstaticfeaturesofpest species.Theobjectiveofthistextistoprovideaconciseand usablereferencetextonurbanandpublichealthinsectsand other arthropods around the world. In part, this is a global census. Listed here are the invertebrates known to occur, regardlessofpeststatus,indomesticandperidomestichabi- tatsintheurbanenvironment.Itprovidesaboundaryforthe discipline of urban entomology, and shows the overlap with publichealthandmedicalentomology,andstored-foodento- mology,andthearthropodsconsideredapartofornamental andturfgrassentomology. Allauthorsknowthelimitationsoftheirwork.Weallknow verywellwhereandtowhatextentourproductstrayedorfailed fromtheoriginalintent,andwhatmoretimeandtalentwould havedoneforthefinishedproduct.Thatiscertainlytrueforthis book.Iintendedtoprovideinternationalcoverage,including vii viii Preface peridomesticanddomestichabitats,ruralandurbanlocation, attempts to arrange and present it in a useful and meaning- and across the boundary of pest, nuisance, and occasional fulmanner.Itbecomesadecisionofatwhatleveltostopand invader. I have certainly missed species or included some of defertothepublishedinformation.Thepublisheddataonter- limitedimportance;forsomeIfailedtofindbiologicaldata, mites, ants, and some species of cockroaches are large, and orthedatapresentedareincomplete,orworse.Thereareno wouldbeoverwhelmingwithoutthehelpandorderprovided excusesforthefailings,butIresolvetoimprovewhatishere by the authors of bibliographies, books, and subject-matter withthehelpofthoseusingthisbookasaresource.Urbanento- reviews.Thoseindividualshaveprovidedagreatservicetothis mology and professional pest control can grow from shared discipline.Thereferenceliteratureprovidedherereliesonthe knowledge and experience, and this work can benefit from worksthathavecollectedandcatalogedscientificpapers,and suchcooperation. reviewedurbanpestconcepts. This text was prepared and organized in the format of a Control methods and materials are not included with the resourcebook,andaprimaryconsiderationwasgiventoutility. biological information or in the bibliography. This is often Thealphabeticalarrangementoftheorders(forthemostpart), a subjective topic and to cover properly, it must be accom- families,andspeciesusedhereremovesphylogeneticrelation- panied by a large amount of published data. Chemical con- ships,andoftensetsapartrelatedornaturaltaxonomicgroups. trolmethodsandapplicationequipmentarebecomingmore Theformatmaybeveryusefulforsomeusers,andmayseem standardized around the world as manufacturers adopt a near-heresyforothers–Iapologizetothelatter.Thereareother global approach to pest management. However, this aspect featuresthatmaycauseproblems.Thistextwasnotintended of urban and public health entomology will always be more orwrittentobeanorganizedwholethatwouldbereadfrom dynamicthanstatic,anddifficulttoputbetweenthecoversofa beginningtoend.Ratheritisasourcebookfortheretrievalof book. informationandperhapsahelpfulillustration;thereissome Thisbookcouldnothavebeenpreparedwithouttheinves- levelofrepetition.Morphologicalandbiologicalinformation tigations, research, and careful observations of pest control ongroupsandindividualspeciesispresentedwithkeywords professionals,urbanentomologists,theirstudents,andtech- (suchasegg,larva,adult)asguides,withtheminimumuseof niciansaroundtheworld.Atthelocalorregionallevelthese headingsandboldtype.Includedarecommonorvernacular entomologistscollectedandpublisheddataonthearthropods namesforsomehouseholdpeststhatoccuraroundtheworld, thatareasmallandlargepartoftheurbanecosystem.Thisbook andthereareothernamesthatareusedregionally,locally,and isacollectiveofthosepublishedworks.Isincerelyappreciate sometimesonlytemporarily.Whencommonnameswereavail- theirworkandhaveattemptedtoshareitwithotherprofes- ableandappropriate,theywereincluded;Imayhavemissed sionalsinurbanentomology.Themajorityoftheillustrations some. usedherewereadaptedfromvariousUSDepartmentofAgri- For some pest species or groups, we know perhaps too culturepublications.Urbanentomologistsaroundtheworld much.Thepureweightofthepublishedfactsisdaunting.In have provided help with illustrations and translations, and I somegroupsthedepthandvolumeofinformationcanimpede greatlyappreciatetheircontributions. Urban Part one entomology