Handbook of The Psychology of Aging The Handbooks of Aging Consisting of Three Volumes Critical comprehensive reviews of research knowledge, theories, concepts, and issues Editor-in-Chief James E. Birren Handbook of the Biology of Aging Edited byEdwardJ.Masoroand StevenN.Austad Handbook of the Psychology of Aging Editedby JamesE.Birren andK. WarnerSchaie Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences Edited byRobert H.Binstock andLindaK. George Handbook of The Psychology of Aging Sixth Edition Editors James E. Birren and K. Warner Schaie Associate Editors Ronald P. Abeles, Margaret Gatz, and Timothy A. Salthouse AMSTERDAM (cid:1) BOSTON (cid:1) HEIDELBERG (cid:1) LONDON NEWYORK (cid:1) OXFORD (cid:1) PARIS (cid:1) SANDIEGO SANFRANCISCO (cid:1) SINGAPORE (cid:1) SYDNEY (cid:1) TOKYO Academic Pressis animprintof Elsevier Coverphoto credit:(cid:1) Corbis Elsevier AcademicPress 30 CorporateDrive,Suite 400,Burlington,MA 01803,USA 525 BStreet,Suite 1900, SanDiego,California 92101-4495,USA 84 Theobald’sRoad, LondonWC1X8RR, UK This book isprinted onacid-freepaper. Copyright (cid:1) 2006,Elsevier Inc. Allrightsreserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher. PermissionsmaybesoughtdirectlyfromElsevier’sScience&TechnologyRights DepartmentinOxford,UK:phone:(þ44)1865843830,fax:(þ44)1865853333, E-mail:[email protected] viatheElsevierhomepage(http://elsevier.com),byselecting ‘‘CustomerSupport’’andthen‘‘ObtainingPermissions.’’ LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Handbookofthepsychologyofaging/editors,JamesE.Birren,K.WarnerSchaie; associateeditors,RonaldP.Abeles,MargaretGatz,TimothyA.Salthouse.--6thed. p.cm.--(Thehandbooksofaging) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindexes. ISBN0-12-101264-6(casebound:alk.paper)--ISBN0-12-101265-4(pbk.:alk.paper) 1.Aging--Psychologicalaspects.I.Title:Psychologyofaging.II.Birren,JamesE.III. Schaie,K.Warner(KlausWarner),1928-IV.Abeles,RonaldP.,1944-V.Gatz, Margaret.VI.Salthouse,TimothyA.VII.Series. BF724.55.A35H362005 155.67--dc22 2005025193 BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. ISBN13:978-0-12-101264-9(casebound) ISBN10:0-12-101264-6(casebound) ISBN13:978-0-12-101265-6(paperback) ISBN10:0-12-101265-4(paperback) ForallinformationonallElsevierAcademicPresspublications visitourWebsiteatwww.books.elsevier.com PRINTEDINTHEUNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA 05 06 07 08 09 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Contributors xi Foreword xv Preface xvii About the Editors xix Part One Concepts, Theory, and Methods in the Psychology of Aging 1. Theoretical Issues in the Psychology of Aging Timothy A. Salthouse I. A Taxonomyof Major Questions 4 II. Criteria for EvaluatingExplanations 6 III. EvaluatingCriteria 11 IV. Theoretical Progress 11 V. Conclusion 12 References 13 2. Design and Analysis of Longitudinal Studies on Aging Scott M. Hofer and Martin J. Sliwinski I. Research DesignandInferential Scope 17 II. Understanding HeterogeneityinAge-Related Processes 23 III. Methodological Issues in theStudy of Aging-Related Change 24 IV. Statistical Analysis of LongitudinalStudies of Aging 26 V. Summary 30 References 31 v vi Contents Part Two Biological and Social Influences on Aging and Behavior 3. Behavior Genetics and Aging George P. Vogler I. TheoreticalAspectsof Geneticsand Aging 41 II. ResearchApproaches andIssues 44 III. ResearchFindings 49 IV. NewTools andNew Perspectives 50 V. Conclusions 52 References 52 4. Contributions of Cognitive Neuroscience to the Understanding of Behavior and Aging Arthur F. Kramer, Monica Fabiani, and Stanley J. Colcombe I. Introduction 57 II. Approachestothe Study ofCognitive Neuroscience 59 III. Patterns ofAge-Related Differences in Brain StructureandFunction 65 IV. Applicationof CognitiveNeuroscience to the Studyof Attention andMemory 72 V. SummaryandFuture Directions 74 References 76 5. Health, Behavior, and Optimal Aging: A Life Span Developmental Perspective Carolyn M. Aldwin, Avron Spiro III, and Crystal L. Park I. ALifeSpan DevelopmentalPerspective: Toward OptimalAging 85 II. ChangingHealth andBehavior ofOlder Adults 86 III. PsychosocialFactorsAffecting the Rateof Aging 91 IV. WhatIsOptimalAging? 97 References 99 6. Environmental Gerontology: Progress in the Post-Lawton Era Rick J. Scheidt and Paul G. Windley I. Introduction 105 II. TheStatus of Theory 106 III. TheMethod Toolkit: Progress InMeasurement 110 IV. Reflective Application: TheCaseFor the ActionResearch Paradigm 113 V. Conclusionand FutureDirections 120 References 122 Contents vii Part Three Behavioral Processes and Aging 7. Vision and Aging Frank Schieber I. Introduction 129 II. Structural Changes inthe Visual System 129 III. Visual Impairmentand Age-relatedPathology 133 IV. Age-relatedChanges in VisualFunction 134 References 154 8. Aging, Complexity, and Motor Performance Karl M. Newell, David E. Vaillancourt, and Jacob J. Sosnoff I. Introduction 163 II. Agingand MovementComplexity 163 III. Complexity in Posture,Locomotion, andManipulation 165 IV. Agingand Loss ofAdaptationin MotorPerformance 174 V. Concluding Comments 177 References 178 9. Changing Role of the Speed of Processing Construct in the Cognitive Psychology of Human Aging Alan Hartley I. EarlierReviews 183 II. Current Research 189 III. Summary 200 References 203 10. Memory Aging William J. Hoyer and Paul Verhaeghen I. Introduction 209 II. Varieties of MemoryAging 210 III. Explanations ofthe Aging ofMemory 218 IV. MemoryInterventions 221 V. Summaryand Conclusions 223 References 224 11. Applied Learning and Aging: A Closer Look at Reading Bonnie J. F. Meyer and Carlee K. Pollard I. Introduction 233 II. Summaryof Past Reviewsof AgingandLearning and MemoryfromText 234 viii Contents III. Aging: Cognitive andMotivationalChanges and HowThey MayImpact Reading 235 IV. Aging andModelsof ReadingComprehension 239 References 252 12. Language Comprehension and Production in Normal Aging Robert Thornton and Leah L. Light I. Lexical Processing 262 II. Sentence Processing 268 III. Discourse Processes 272 IV. A ConcludingWord 278 References 279 13. Selection, Optimization, and Compensation as Developmental Mechanisms of Adaptive Resource Allocation: Review and Preview Michaela Riediger, Shu-Chen Li, and Ulman Lindenberger I. Introduction 289 II. Resource-Allocation Processes in LifeSpan Development 290 III. Four CurrentApproachestoAdaptiveRegulation of Life SpanDevelopment 291 IV. The Utility ofSOC asanIntegrative Framework: SelectiveReview ofEmpirical Findings 294 V. Research onSOC: FutureDirections 300 VI. Summary andOutlook 306 References 307 14. Everyday Problem Solving and Decision Making Michael Marsiske and Jennifer A. Margrett I. Introduction 315 II. EvaluatingAge,Cognition,and FunctionRelatedness 320 III. Unanswered Questions andFutureDirections 332 IV. Conclusions 335 References 336 15. Aging and the Intersection of Cognition, Motivation, and Emotion Laura L. Carstensen, Joseph A. Mikels, and Mara Mather I. Cognitive Aging 343 II. Socioemotional Aging 345 III. Socioemotional Selectivity Theory 346 IV. Emotion–CognitionInteractions withAge 347 V. Memory forEmotionin General 348 VI. Positivity Effectsin Memory 349 VII. Positivity Effectsin InitialAttention 351 VIII. Mechanisms Underlying the PositivityEffect 352 IX. Future Directions 354 X. Summary 355 References 356