Handbook of the Middle East and North Africa Key Data and Information on Twenty Countries in the Middle East and North Africa by Serdar Kaya [email protected] @iamserdar Check for the updated versions at http://serdarkaya.com/publications/mena/mena-handbook.pdf Last Updated 25 September 2015 Download Supplementary Documents - The data set (country-level data, in .csv format) - The data set on oil reserves and trade (country-level data, in .csv format) - The Codebook for the data set (in .pdf format) - The Script File (in .R format) - The aggregated data set (aggregated individual-level data from World Values Survey 2010-2014, in .csv format) - The Codebook for the aggregated data set (in .pdf format) Index Sources For further information on index methodologies, see the following pages: - Human Development Index (by the United Nations Development Programme) - Polity IV Individual Country Regime Trends, 1946-2013 (by the Polity IV Project) - Democracy Index (by the Economist Intelligence Unit) - Freedom in the World Report (by Freedom House) Copyright Notice I have gathered and compiled the data and information on this e-book from a variety of public domain sources. Only the graphs and some tables are mine. You are free to copy and redistribute this e-book, in whole or part, in any medium or format for personal or commercial purposes. If you need to cite it, you may do so as follows: Kaya, Serdar. 2015. Handbook of the Middle East and North Africa: Key Data and Information on Twenty Countries in the Middle East and North Africa. http://serdarkaya.com/publications/mena/mena-handbook.pdf [Retrieved 1 September 2015] Page 1 of 139 Table of Contents Timeline.......................................................................................................................................................8 Country Profiles.........................................................................................................................................15 Algeria...................................................................................................................................................15 Overview..........................................................................................................................................15 Democracy scores.............................................................................................................................15 Brief History.....................................................................................................................................16 Economy...........................................................................................................................................16 Bahrain..................................................................................................................................................18 Overview..........................................................................................................................................18 Democracy scores.............................................................................................................................18 Brief History.....................................................................................................................................19 Economy...........................................................................................................................................19 Egypt.....................................................................................................................................................21 Overview..........................................................................................................................................21 Democracy scores.............................................................................................................................21 Brief History.....................................................................................................................................22 Economy...........................................................................................................................................22 Iran........................................................................................................................................................24 Overview..........................................................................................................................................24 Democracy scores.............................................................................................................................24 Brief History.....................................................................................................................................25 Economy...........................................................................................................................................25 Iraq........................................................................................................................................................27 Overview..........................................................................................................................................27 Democracy scores.............................................................................................................................27 Brief History.....................................................................................................................................28 Economy...........................................................................................................................................28 Israel......................................................................................................................................................31 Overview..........................................................................................................................................31 Democracy scores.............................................................................................................................31 Brief History.....................................................................................................................................32 Economy...........................................................................................................................................32 Jordan....................................................................................................................................................34 Overview..........................................................................................................................................34 Democracy scores.............................................................................................................................34 Brief History.....................................................................................................................................35 Economy...........................................................................................................................................35 Kuwait...................................................................................................................................................37 Overview..........................................................................................................................................37 Democracy scores.............................................................................................................................37 Brief History.....................................................................................................................................38 Economy...........................................................................................................................................38 Lebanon.................................................................................................................................................40 Overview..........................................................................................................................................40 Page 2 of 139 Democracy scores.............................................................................................................................40 Brief History.....................................................................................................................................41 Economy...........................................................................................................................................41 Libya......................................................................................................................................................43 Overview..........................................................................................................................................43 Democracy scores.............................................................................................................................43 Brief History.....................................................................................................................................44 Economy...........................................................................................................................................44 Morocco................................................................................................................................................46 Overview..........................................................................................................................................46 Democracy scores.............................................................................................................................46 Brief History.....................................................................................................................................47 Economy...........................................................................................................................................47 Oman.....................................................................................................................................................49 Overview..........................................................................................................................................49 Democracy scores.............................................................................................................................49 Brief History.....................................................................................................................................50 Economy...........................................................................................................................................50 Palestine................................................................................................................................................52 Overview..........................................................................................................................................52 Democracy scores.............................................................................................................................52 Brief History.....................................................................................................................................53 Economy...........................................................................................................................................54 Qatar......................................................................................................................................................56 Overview..........................................................................................................................................56 Democracy scores.............................................................................................................................56 Brief History.....................................................................................................................................57 Economy...........................................................................................................................................57 Saudi Arabia..........................................................................................................................................59 Overview..........................................................................................................................................59 Democracy scores.............................................................................................................................59 Brief History.....................................................................................................................................60 Economy...........................................................................................................................................60 Syria......................................................................................................................................................62 Overview..........................................................................................................................................62 Democracy scores.............................................................................................................................62 Brief History.....................................................................................................................................63 Economy...........................................................................................................................................63 Tunisia...................................................................................................................................................65 Overview..........................................................................................................................................65 Democracy scores.............................................................................................................................65 Brief History.....................................................................................................................................66 Economy...........................................................................................................................................66 Turkey...................................................................................................................................................68 Overview..........................................................................................................................................68 Democracy scores.............................................................................................................................68 Brief History.....................................................................................................................................69 Page 3 of 139 Economy...........................................................................................................................................69 United Arab Emirates............................................................................................................................71 Overview..........................................................................................................................................71 Democracy scores.............................................................................................................................71 Brief History.....................................................................................................................................72 Economy...........................................................................................................................................72 Yemen...................................................................................................................................................74 Overview..........................................................................................................................................74 Democracy scores.............................................................................................................................74 Brief History.....................................................................................................................................75 Economy...........................................................................................................................................75 Figures (Country-level)..............................................................................................................................77 Figures (Aggregated).................................................................................................................................99 Tables.......................................................................................................................................................130 Bibliography............................................................................................................................................139 Page 4 of 139 List of Figures Figure 1. Area (million km2).....................................................................................................................77 Figure 2. Population (million)....................................................................................................................77 Figure 3. Urban Population (% population)...............................................................................................78 Figure 4. Largest Cities (million)...............................................................................................................78 Figure 5. Internet and Facebook Users (% population) – Ordered by Internet Users................................79 Figure 6. Internet and Facebook Users (% population) – Ordered by Facebook Users............................79 Figure 7. Median Age................................................................................................................................80 Figure 8. Literacy (% population)..............................................................................................................80 Figure 9. Muslims (% population).............................................................................................................81 Figure 10. Physician & Hospital Bed Density (per 1000 population).......................................................81 Figure 11. Fertility & Infant Mortality Rates – Ordered by Fertility Rate................................................82 Figure 12. Fertility & Infant Mortality Rates – Ordered by Infant Mortality Rate....................................82 Figure 13. Obesity......................................................................................................................................83 Figure 14. Women in National Parliament (percent).................................................................................83 Figure 15. HDI...........................................................................................................................................84 Figure 16. EIU Democracy Index & Freedom House...............................................................................84 Figure 17. EIU Democracy Index vs. Facebook Users..............................................................................85 Figure 18. Polity IV...................................................................................................................................85 Figure 19. Voice and Accountability.........................................................................................................86 Figure 20. Rule of Law..............................................................................................................................86 Figure 21. Corruption.................................................................................................................................87 Figure 22. Corruption Perception (%) 1 – 100: Best.................................................................................87 Figure 23. Government Involvement in Religion (GIR)............................................................................88 Figure 24. Government Regulation of Religion of Index (GRI)................................................................88 Figure 25. Inflation (%).............................................................................................................................89 Figure 26. Unemployment (% population)................................................................................................89 Figure 27. Poverty Rate (% below $1.25 per day).....................................................................................90 Figure 28. GDP & GDP per capita – Ordered by GDP.............................................................................91 Figure 29. GDP & GDP per capita – Ordered by GDP per capita.............................................................92 Figure 30. Exports & Imports – Ordered by Exports.................................................................................93 Figure 31. Exports & Imports – Ordered by Imports.................................................................................93 Figure 32. Manufactured Exports (as % of total exports)..........................................................................94 Figure 33. Global Competitive Index (1-7; 7:Best)...................................................................................94 Figure 34. Oil Reserves & Export (For Middle East Countries)...............................................................95 Figure 35. Oil Reserves & Export (For Top 20)........................................................................................96 Figure 36. Military Expenditure & Personnel............................................................................................97 Figure 37. EIU Democracy Index vs. Military Expenditures (% GDP)....................................................98 Page 5 of 139 Figure 38. EIU Democracy Index vs. Oil Export......................................................................................98 Figure 39. Social Capital............................................................................................................................99 Figure 40. Poverty....................................................................................................................................101 Figure 41. Religiosity...............................................................................................................................103 Figure 42. Confidence in Institutions.......................................................................................................108 Figure 43. Approaches to Politics and Democracy..................................................................................112 Figure 44. Cultural Values.......................................................................................................................116 Figure 45. Gender Issues..........................................................................................................................120 Figure 46. Security and Privacy...............................................................................................................125 Figure 47. Access to Traditional and Digital Media................................................................................127 Page 6 of 139 List of Tables Table 1. Regime Types for Middle East and North African States.........................................................130 Table 2. Classifications of Regimes for Middle East and North African States......................................131 Table 3. US Aid to Middle East and North African States (2011, US$).................................................132 Table 4. Active Territorial Disputes Involving the States of the Middle East and North Africa............133 Table 5. Active Disputes Involving the States of the Middle East and North Africa..............................134 Table 6. Women in National Parliaments in the Middle East and North Africa, 2015...........................135 Table 7. Failed-States Index for Middle East and North African States, 2015........................................136 Table 8. Oil Reserves and Oil Dependence.............................................................................................137 Table 9. HDI............................................................................................................................................138 Page 7 of 139 Timeline Before 1798 70 ce Roman conquest of the Jewish kingdom in Palestine 325 ce Adoption of the Nicene Creed as the official Christian profession of faith 622 ce The Muslim community flees Mecca for Medina (hijra) 630 ce The Muslim community return to Mecca 632-61 The Rashidun Caliphate (Mecca) 661-750 The Umayyad Caliphate (Damascus) 756-1031 The Umayyad Caliphate in Cordoba (Cordoba) 750-1258 The `Abbasid Caliphate (Baghdad) 910-1171 The Fatimid Caliphate (Mahdia to 969, Cairo) 1250-1517 The Mamluk Caliphate (Baghdad) 1517-1923 The Ottoman Caliphate (Constantinople) 1536 First of the Capitulations Treaties between France and the Ottoman Empire Between 1798 and 1920 1 Jul 1798 Napoleon's landing in Egypt 1805-49 Muhammad `Ali's rule in Egypt 5 Jan 1820 The General Treaty of Peace establishing British dominance in the Gulf 5 Jul 1830 Establishment of French rule in Algeria 1834 Introduction of the tanzimat reforms 16 Nov 1869 The opening of the Suez Canal 1876 Introduction of the first Ottoman constitution 1878 Suspension of the Ottoman constitution 13 Jun-13 Jul 1878 Congress of Berlin 1881 Creation of the Ottoman Public Debt Administration (OPDA) 12 May 1881 Establishment of the French Protectorate of Tunisia 13 Jul 1882 Establishment of British rule in Egypt after the Battle of Tel el-Kebir 1909 Reintroduction of the Ottoman constitution 1909-13 CUP control of the Ottoman government 30 Mar 1912 Establishment of the French Protectorate of Morocco 18 Oct 1912 Establishment of Italian colony in Libya 14 Jul 1915-30 Jan 1916 The Hussein-McMahon Correspondence 9 May 1916 The Sykes-Picot Agreement 2 Nov 1917 The Balfour Declaration 7 Nov 1918 The Anglo-French Declaration 8 Mar 1919-22 Feb 1922 The Egyptian Revolution 10 Jun-21 Jul 1919 The King-Crane Commission 28 Jun 1919 Treaty of Versailles 10 Aug 1920 Treaty of Sevres Page 8 of 139 Between 1921 and 1945 24 Jul 1921 Establishment of the Emirate of Transjordan 23 Aug 1921 Establishment of the British Mandate of Mesopotamia (Iraq) 3 Jun 1922 The 1922 (Churchill) White Paper 24 Jul 1923 Treaty of Lausanne 26 Sep 1923 Establishment of the British Mandate of Palestine 29 Sep 1923 Establishment of the French Mandate of Syria and the Lebanon 29 Oct 1923 Establishment of the Republic of Turkey 1928 Muslim Brotherhood founded in Egypt 15 Apr 1936-30 Sep 1939 The Arab Revolt in Palestine 11 Nov 1936-18 Jan 1937 The Peel Commission (Palestine Royal Commission) 17 May 1939 The 1939 (MacDonald) White Paper 2-31 May 1941 Anglo-Iraqi War 25 Aug 1941 Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 22 Nov 1943 Lebanese independence 22 Mar 1945 Arab League founded Between 1946 and 1970 17 Apr 1946 Syrian independence 25 May 1946 Jordanian independence 22 Jul 1946 King David Hotel bombing 7 Apr 1947 Baath Party founded in Syria 29 Nov 1947 UNGA Resolution 181 14 May 1948 Israeli independence 11 Dec 1948 UNGA Resolution 194 24 Dec 1951 Libyan independence 1951 Iraqi branch of the Baath Party founded 23 Jul 1952 Free Officers' Coup in Egypt 19 Aug 1953 US-backed overthrow of Mossadeq government in Iran 1 Nov 1954-19 Mar 1962 Algerian War of Independence 17 Nov 1954 Nasser becomes President of Egypt 1 Jan 1956 Sudanese independence 20 Mar 1956 Tunisian independence 7 Apr 1956 Moroccan independence 26 Jul 1956 Nasser nationalises the Suez Canal 29 Oct-6 Nov 1956 Suez Crisis 22 Feb 1958 Founding of the United Arab Republic 14 Jul 1958 Overthrow of Iraqi monarchy 15 Jul-25 Oct 1958 Civil war in Lebanon 27 May 1960 Military coup in Turkey 19 Jun 1961 Kuwaiti independence 28 Sep 1961 Dissolution of the United Arab Republic 3 Jul 1962 Algerian independence 1962-1970 Yemen Civil War 8 Feb 1963 Baàth Party coup in Iraq 21-23 Feb 1966 Baàth Party coup in Syria, leading to the split between the Syrian and Iraqi Page 9 of 139 branches of the Baàth Party 5-10 Jun 1967 The Six-Day War Nov 1967 Opening of the Tehran Nuclear Research Centre 22 Nov 1967 UNSC Resolution 242 30 Nov 1967 South Yemeni independence 1968 Israel achieves nuclear weapons capacity 17 Jul 1968 Baàth Party comes to power in Iraq 1 Sep 1969 Muammar Gaddhafi comes to power in Libya 15 Dec 1969 Golda Meir elected Prime Minister of Israel (Labour-led coalition) 1970s 15 Sep 1970-5 Apr 1971 Black September clashes in Jordan 28 Sep 1970 Gamal abd al-Nasser dies 15 Oct 1970 Anwar Sadat appointed President of Egypt 13 Nov 1970 Hafiz al-Assad comes to power in Syria 12 Mar 1971 Military coup in Turkey 15 Aug 1971 Bahraini independence 3 Sep 1971 Qatari independence 30 Nov 1971 Iran takes possession of Abu Musa and Greater and Lesser Tunb islands 2 Dec 1971 UAE independence 5 Apr 1971 PLO moves to Lebanon 10 May 1973 POLISARIO Front founded 6-25 Oct 1973 October War 22 Oct 1973 UNSC Resolution 338 3 Jun 1974 Yitzhak Rabin elected Prime Minister of Israel (Labour-led coalition) 1975-90 Lebanese Civil War 31 Oct 1975 Morocco occupies positions in Western Sahara 10 Jun 1976 Syrian invasion of Lebanon 20 Jun 1977 Menachim Begin elected Prime Minister of Israel (Likud-led coalition) 14 Mar 1978 First Israeli invasion of Lebanon 17 Sep 1978 Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty signed 1 Apr 1979 Islamic Republic of Iran proclaimed 16 Jul 1979 Saddam Hussein becomes President of Iraq 24 Dec 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan 1980s 12 Sep 1980 Military coup in Turkey 22 Sep 1980-20 Aug 1988 Iran-Iraq War 7 Jun 1981 Israeli attacks on Osiraq facility 6 Oct 1981 Sadat assassinated, succeeded by Hosni Mubarak 14 Oct 1981 Hosni Mubarak appointed President of Egypt 1982 Hezbollah founded 6 Jun 1982 Second Israeli invasion of Lebanon 18 Apr 1983 US Embassy bombing in Beirut Jun 1983 Outbreak of Second Sudanese Civil War Page 10 of 139