HANDBOOK OF TERRITORIAL POLITICS DETTERBECK_9781786430274_t.indd 1 30/07/2018 12:23 DETTERBECK_9781786430274_t.indd 2 30/07/2018 12:23 Handbook of Territorial Politics Edited by Klaus Detterbeck Senior Researcher, Institute of Political Science, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany Eve Hepburn Honorary Fellow, University of Edinburgh’s Europa Institute, Founding Chief Executive of Fearless Femme and Founding Director of PolicyScribe, UK Cheltenham, UK • Northampton, MA, USA DETTERBECK_9781786430274_t.indd 3 30/07/2018 12:23 © Klaus Detterbeck and Eve Hepburn 2018 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. Published by Edward Elgar Publishing Limited The Lypiatts 15 Lansdown Road Cheltenham Glos GL50 2JA UK Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc. William Pratt House 9 Dewey Court Northampton Massachusetts 01060 USA A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Control Number: 2018935728 This book is available electronically in the Social and Political Science subject collection DOI 10.4337/9781784718770 ISBN 978 1 78471 876 3 (cased) ISBN 978 1 78471 877 0 (eBook) Typeset by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire 2 0 DETTERBECK_9781786430274_t.indd 4 30/07/2018 12:23 Contents List of contributors vii 1 Introduction to the Handbook of Territorial Politics 1 Eve Hepburn and Klaus Detterbeck PART I INSTITUTIONS, ACTORS AND IDEAS 2 Rescaling the European state: a constructivist and political perspective 17 Michael Keating 3 Federal, devolved or decentralized state: on the territorial architecture of power 30 Nathalie Behnke 4 Challenges of interdependence and coordination in federal systems 45 Nicole Bolleyer 5 Multilevel governance 61 Simona Piattoni 6 ‘Gendering’ territorial politics 74 Jill Vickers 7 Decentralization as a tool for conflict resolution 89 Soeren Keil and Paul Anderson PART II ELECTIONS, PARTIES AND POLITICAL CULTURE 8 Denationalization of elections? Tracing the developments in the conceptualization and measurement of the nationalization of the vote 107 Arjan H. Schakel 9 Statewide parties in Western and Eastern Europe: territorial patterns of party organizations 120 Klaus Detterbeck and Eve Hepburn 10 Ethnoregionalist parties 139 Lieven De Winter, Marga Gomez and Peter Lynch 11 Multilevel party competition: a theory of territorial contagion 158 Eve Hepburn 12 Political careers and territorial politics 172 Klaus Stolz v DETTERBECK_9781786430274_t.indd 5 30/07/2018 12:23 vi Handbook of territorial politics 13 Multiple territorial identities and multilevel polities 190 Luis Moreno 14 Regional citizenship in a system of plural memberships and multilevel rights 203 Lorenzo Piccoli PART III TERRITORIAL PUBLIC POLICIES 15 Education policy in Canada and the United States: dispersed governance or centralization? 217 Sandra Vergari 16 Health policy and territorial politics: disciplinary misunderstandings and directions for research 232 Scott L. Greer 17 Territorial politics and environmental policy: a comparison of findings about climate change and resource management policies 246 Sonja Wälti 18 Immigration and sub-state nations: researching the nexus 261 Ilke Adam 19 Regions beyond the state: external relations and paradiplomacy 278 Michaël Tatham 20 Comparative perspectives on the territorial politics of fiscal federalism: Canada, Australia and the United States 293 Daniel Béland and André Lecours 21 Territorial politics and economic development 306 John Agnew and Agostino Mantegna 22 Territorial reform policies in federal and multilevel systems 319 César Colino PART IV GEOGRAPHICAL PERSPECTIVES 23 Actor-centered or institutional approaches in Europe and the US: moving toward convergence 341 Carol S. Weissert and Kevin Fahey 24 Comparative territorial politics in Sub-Saharan Africa 354 Jan Erk 25 Territorial politics in South Asia: between territorial accommodation and majoritarianism 371 Wilfried Swenden 26 Territorial politics and the federal frame in Australia 388 Nicholas Aroney and Campbell Sharman Index 401 DETTERBECK_9781786430274_t.indd 6 30/07/2018 12:23 Contributors Ilke Adam is Professor of Political Science at the Institute for European Studies, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium. John Agnew is Distinguished Professor of Geography at the Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles, USA. Paul Anderson is PhD Researcher in Politics and International Relations at the School of Psychology, Politics and Sociology, Canterbury Christ Church University, UK. Nicholas Aroney is Professor of Constitutional Law at the TC Beirne School of Law, University of Queensland, Australia. Nathalie Behnke is Professor of Political Science at the Department of Politics and Public Adminstration, University of Konstanz, Germany. Daniel Béland is Canada Research Chair in Public Policy at the Johnson-Shoyama Graduate School of Public Policy, University of Saskatchewan, Canada. Nicole Bolleyer is Professor of Comparative Politics at the Department of Politics, University of Exeter, UK. César Colino is Professor of Political Science at the Department of Political Science and Public Administration, National Distance Learning University, Madrid, Spain. Lieven De Winter is Professor of Political Science at the Institute of Political Science, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium. Klaus Detterbeck is Senior Researcher at the Institute of Political Science, Georg-August- University Göttingen, Germany. Jan Erk is Fellow at the Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study (STIAS), South Africa. Kevin Fahey is Research Fellow at the Centre for Political and Legal Analytics, School of Law and Politics, Cardiff University, UK. Marga Gomez is Professor of Political Science at the Department of Political Science and Adminstration, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain. Scott L. Greer is Professor of Political Science at the School of Public Health, University of Michigan, USA. Eve Hepburn is Honorary Fellow at the University of Edinburgh’s Europa Institute, Founding Chief Executive of Fearless Femme and Founding Director of PolicyScribe, UK. Michael Keating is Chair in Scottish Politics at the School of Social Science, University of Aberdeen, UK, and Director of the Centre on Constitutional Change, Edinburgh, UK. vii DETTERBECK_9781786430274_t.indd 7 30/07/2018 12:23 viii Handbook of territorial politics Soeren Keil is Reader in Politics and International Relations at the School of Psychology, Politics and Sociology, Canterbury Christ Church University, UK. André Lecours is Professor of Political Science at the School of Political Studies, University of Ottawa, Canada. Peter Lynch is Senior Lecturer at the History and Politics Department, University of Stirling, UK. Agostino Mantegna is PhD Researcher at the Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles, USA. Luis Moreno is Research Professor of Social Sciences at the Institute of Public Goods and Policies, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain. Simona Piattoni is Professor of Political Science at the Department of Sociology and Social Research, University of Trento, Italy. Lorenzo Piccoli is PhD Researcher at the Department of Political and Social Sciences, European University Institute Florence, Italy. Arjan H. Schakel is Assistant Professor at the Department of Political Science, Maastricht University, the Netherlands. Campbell Sharman is Senior Honorary Research Fellow in Political Science at the University of Western Australia, Australia, and Adjunct Professor at the Department of Political Science, University of British Columbia, Canada. Klaus Stolz is Professor of British and American Studies at the Faculty of Humanities, Chemnitz University of Technology, Germany. Wilfried Swenden is Senior Lecturer in Politics at the School of Social and Political Science and Co-Director of the Centre for South Asian Studies, University of Edinburgh, UK. Michaël Tatham is Professor of Political Science, Department of Comparative Politics, University of Bergen, Norway. Sandra Vergari is Associate Professor at the Department of Educational Policy and Leadership, State University of New York at Albany, USA. Jill Vickers is Emeritus Chancellor’s Professor in Political Science at Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada. Sonja Wälti is Assistant Professor at the Department of Public Adminstration and Policy, American University, Washington, DC, USA. Carol S. Weissert is LeRoy Collins Eminent Scholar and Chair of Civic Education and Political Science at the Department of Political Science, Florida State University, USA. DETTERBECK_9781786430274_t.indd 8 30/07/2018 12:23 1. Introduction to the Handbook of Territorial Politics Eve Hepburn and Klaus Detterbeck INTRODUCTION Imagine in your mind’s eye a satellite image of the earth. You can probably see vast blue oceans and green-brown streaks of land that are half-hidden by swirls of white cloud. You might think: how beautiful, how whole, how solid is this earth of ours. How fortunate we are – the human race, some 7.4 billion people – to occupy such an abundant, though increasingly fragile, habitat. But then you might cast your memory back to an old atlas you saw when you were a child: how thick black lines sliced up the land into smaller pieces. You might reflect on how, if you take a closer look, humanity has always divided itself into self-contained communities. And that many of these communities do not exist anymore – clans and tribes, city-states and principalities, kingdoms and empires. Instead, our earth is currently divided into 195 countries – the vast majority of which are ‘nation-states’, a political form that emerged a mere 370 years ago with the creation of the Westphalian system in 1648. But as a student of territorial politics, you know that this system of nation-states is far from being perfect, or secure. Because you’re aware that the territorial configuration of our modern world is being challenged on a near-constant basis, from above as well as below. You may know that, since 1941, we’ve seen the creation of 129 new nation-states (Baldacchino and Hepburn, 2013), and some 34 of those have been created since 1990. Some of those countries declared independence with the collapse of a vast political regime (the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), some emerged from the dissolution of a former country (Yugoslavia), some merged together to form a single unit (Yemen), others gained sovereignty with the spread of de-colonization (Palau or the Marshall Islands), and others split in two (South Sudan from Sudan). And if you have your eye on the news, and not just the history books, you’re probably aware that this process of creating new nation-states is unlikely to end any time soon. Catalonia is – at the time of writing – in the midst of a political tug-of-war with the Spanish Government, having declared independence in a referendum declared uncon- stitutional by the Spanish Court. In Taiwan, the issue of maintaining relations with mainland China or pursuing independence has dominated domestic politics for decades. In Corsica, a newly elected nationalist alliance has just petitioned for greater autonomy from France. The question of Palestine independence lies at the heart of the Arab-Israeli conflict in the Middle East. In the UK, Scotland narrowly voted against a referendum in 2014, but its pro-independence government plans to hold another independence referen- dum in the future. And the list of political movements agitating for independence for their territories goes on – such as Quebec in Canada (which has already held two unsuccessful independence referenda), Puerto Rico in the USA (which has now held six referenda on its 1 DETTERBECK_9781786430274_t.indd 1 30/07/2018 12:23