HANDBOOK OF RESEARCH ON STEM EDUCATION The Handbook of Research on STEM Education represents a groundbreaking and comprehensive synthesis of research and presentation of policy within the realm of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education. What distinguishes this Handbook from others is the nature of integration of the disciplines that is the founding premise for the work—all chapters in this book speak directly to the integration of STEM, rather than discussion of research within the individual content areas. The Handbook of Research on STEM Education explores the most pressing areas of STEM within an international context. Divided into six sections, the authors cover topics including: the nature of STEM, STEM learning, STEM pedagogy, curriculum and assessment, critical issues in STEM, STEM teacher education, and STEM policy and reform. The Handbook utilizes the lens of equity and access by focusing on STEM literacy, early childhood STEM, learners with disabilities, informal STEM, socio-scientific issues, race-related factors, gender equity, cultural-relevancy, and parental involvement. Additionally, discussion of STEM education policy in a variety of countries is included, as well as a focus on engaging business/industry and teachers in advocacy for STEM education. The Handbook’s 37 chapters provide a deep and meaningful landscape of the implementation of STEM over the past two decades. As such, the findings that are presented within provide the reader with clear directions for future research into effective practice and supports for integrated STEM, which are grounded in the literature to date. Carla C. Johnson is Professor of Science Education and Associate Dean in the College of Education, and Executive Director of the Friday Institute for Educational Innovation at North Carolina State University, USA. Margaret J. Mohr-Schroeder is Professor of STEM Education and Associate Dean at University of Kentucky, USA. Tamara J. Moore is Professor of Engineering Education and Interim Executive Director of INSPIRE Research at Purdue University, USA. Lyn D. English is Professor of STEM Education at Queensland University of Technology, Australia. HANDBOOK OF RESEARCH ON STEM EDUCATION Edited by Carla C. Johnson, Margaret J. Mohr-Schroeder, Tamara J. Moore and Lyn D. English First published 2020 by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 and by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2020 Taylor & Francis The right of Carla C. Johnson, Margaret J. Mohr-Schroeder, Tamara J. Moore, and Lyn D. English to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN: 978-0-367-07560-6 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-367-07562-0 (pbk) ISBN: 978-0-429-02138-1 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by Apex CoVantage, LLC In the spirit of lifelong learning and the pursuit of solutions to the most pressing educational challenges, both of which we hope that this Handbook will serve a unique purpose for many of the readers, the editorial team would like to individually provide a dedication to those who have pushed our thinking forward in regard to integrated STEM education research. We are grateful for all the authors who contributed to this very first volume of the Handbook of Research on STEM Education. They each have their own stories on how they came to be the experts in their areas within STEM education, and we appreciate their insights, fortitude, and passion for STEM. Carla C. Johnson—I have had the great fortune of working with several talented scholars across my career and have found that the best source of inspiration for my work are those people who push my thinking forward, challenge my ideas, and are excited about making a difference in this world. I dedicate this Handbook to those individuals who have made me a better researcher and provided the spark to continue forward each day. This group includes the editors and chapter authors on this Handbook, as well as my great research partners and STEM Road Map team, and my dear friend and mentor, Dr. Piyush Swami. Margaret J. Mohr-Schroeder—My journey into STEM integration came early and unexpectedly when I finally found an institution that would allow me to double major in mathematics and biology—Thank you, Pittsburg State University (Kansas)! I would like to thank Bruce Walcott for his inspiration and mentorship as we forged an unexpected partnership between the Colleges of Education and Engineering when I first came to the University of Kentucky. Our partnership together propelled us into the world of integrated and transdisciplinary STEM education. Finally, I want to thank my STEM Rocks research team—Christa Jackson, Craig Schroeder, Thomas Roberts, Ashley Delaney, Sarah B. Bush, and Cathrine Maiorca. Our courageous conversations, innovative thinking, strategic planning, and mad research skills have helped shape me into the STEM advocate and enthusiast I am today. Tamara J. Moore—My journey into STEM integration has been a culmination of many different scholars that have contributed to my thinking. People such as Dick Lesh, Heidi Diefes-Dux, Tom Post, and Kathy Cramer, to name a few, have had a major impact on the ways I think about STEM. In particular, I would like to thank Karl Smith, who has been my mentor, champion, confidant, and all-around go-to person for many years. CONTENTS List of Contributors xi Preface xxxiii Carla C. Johnson and Margaret J. Mohr-Schroeder SECTION 1 The Nature of STEM 1 1 STEM Integration: A Synthesis of Conceptual Frameworks and Definitions 3 Tamara J. Moore, Amanda C. Johnston and Aran W. Glancy 2 STEM Education Through the Epistemological Lens: Unveiling the Challenge of STEM Transdisciplinarity 17 Digna Couso and Cristina Simarro 3 Moving Toward an Equity-Based Approach for STEM Literacy 29 Margaret J. Mohr-Schroeder, Sarah B. Bush, Cathrine Maiorca and Megan Nickels 4 A Worldly Perspective: Applying Theory to STEM Education 39 Léonie J. Rennie, Grady Venville and John Wallace 5 Theoretical Frameworks for STEM Education Research 51 Thomas J. Bussey, Stanley M. Lo and Chris Rasmussen SECTION 2 STEM Learning 63 6 Integrated STEM Pedagogies and Student Learning 65 S. Selcen Guzey, Secil Caskurlu and Kadir Kozan vii Contents 7 Design Learning in STEM Education 76 Lyn D. English, Robin Adams and Donna King 8 The Importance of Early STEM Education 87 Susanna Hapgood, Charlene M. Czerniak, Kimberly Brenneman, Douglas H. Clements, Richard A. Duschl, Marilyn Fleer, Daryl Greenfield, Helen Hadani, Nancy Romance, Julie Sarama, Christina Schwarz and Beth VanMeeteren 9 Elementary STEM Learning 101 Suzanne M. Nesmith and Sandi Cooper 10 Secondary STEM Learning 115 Rose M. Pringle, Christine G. Lord and Tredina D. Sheppard 11 Considering STEM for Learners With Disabilities and Other Diverse Needs 128 James D. Basham, Matthew T. Marino, Cassandra L. Hunt and Kyounggun Han 12 Informal STEM Program Learning 138 Margaret Blanchard, Kristie Gutierrez, Bobby Habig, Preeti Gupta, and Jennifer Adams 13 Creating STEM Learning Opportunities through Partnerships 152 Danielle B. Harlow, Alexandria Hansen, Jasmine Nation, Ron Skinner, Javier Pulgar, Alexis Spina, Mandy McLean, Chantal Barriault and Annie Prud’homme-Généreux SECTION 3 STEM Pedagogy, Curriculum and Assessment 167 14 History of Integrated STEM Curriculum 169 Christa Jackson, Kristina M. Tank, Mollie H. Appelgate, Kari Jurgenson, Ashley Delaney and Coskun Erden 15 Infusing Evidence-Based Reasoning in Integrated STEM 184 Carina M. Rebello, Paul A. Asunda and Hui-Hui Wang 16 Integrating Computational Thinking in STEM 196 Eric Wiebe, Vance Kite and Soonhye Park 17 Socio-Scientific Issues as Contexts for the Development of STEM Literacy 210 David C. Owens and Troy D. Sadler viii Contents 18 Learning Models and Modeling Across the STEM Disciplines 223 Margret A. Hjalmarson, Nancy Holincheck, Courtney K. Baker and Terrie M. Galanti 19 Contemporary Methods of Assessing Integrated STEM Competencies 234 Kerrie A. Douglas, Brian D. Gane, Knut Neumann and James W. Pellegrino SECTION 4 Critical Issues in STEM 255 20 Intersectionality in STEM Education Research 257 Geraldine L. Cochran, Mildred Boveda, and Chanda Prescod-Weinstein 21 Perspectives of Identity as an Analytic Framework in STEM Education 267 Allison Godwin, Jennifer Cribbs and Shakhnoza Kayumova 22 Race-related Factors in STEM: A Review of Research on Educational Experiences and Outcomes for Racial and Ethnic Minorities 278 Cindy Jong, Christen Priddie, Thomas Roberts and Samuel D. Museus 23 Research on Gender Equity in STEM Education 289 Gayle A. Buck, Dionne Cross Francis and Kerrie G. Wilkins-Yel 24 The Affordances and Challenges of Enacting Culturally Relevant STEM Pedagogy 300 Paula A. Magee, Craig Willey, Esra Ceran, Jeremy Price and Javier Barrera Cervantes 25 STEM Inclusion Research for English Language Learners (ELLs): Making STEM Accessible to All 311 Emily K. Suh, Lisa Hoffman and Alan Zollman 26 Parent Involvement and Its Influence on Children’s STEM Learning: A Review of the Research 323 Julie Thomas, Juliana Utley, Soo-Young Hong, Hunkar Korkmaz and Gwen Nugent SECTION 5 STEM Teacher Education 335 27 Elementary STEM Teacher Education: Recent Practices to Prepare General Elementary Teachers for STEM 337 Amy Corp, Melanie Fields and Gilbert Naizer ix