Handbook of Plant Growth pH as the Master Variable edited by Zdenko Rengel University of Western Australia Perth, Western Australia, Australia MARCEL MARCEL DEKKER, INC. NEW YORK • BASEL D E K K E R Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. ISBN: 0-8247-0761-3 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Headquarters Marcel Dekker, Inc. 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 tel: 212-696-9000; fax: 212-685-4540 Eastern Hemisphere Distribution Marcel Dekker AG Hutgasse 4, Postfach 812, CH-4001 Basel, Swit/.erland tel: 41-61-261-8482; fax: 41-61-261-8896 World Wide Web http://www.dekker.com The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk quantities. For more information, write to Special Sales/Professional Marketing at the headquarters address above. Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Current printing (last digit): 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Preface Few would argue that pH is truly a master variable that permeates just about any area of study of living organisms and extends into the physical and chemical world in which living organisms come about, grow, develop, reproduce, and die. There is arguably no other master variable that captures the complexities of the interactions between the biological, physical, and chemical aspects of the world to a similar extent. This book aims to provide a unifying view of the role of pH in plant growth, taking into account molecular, biochemical, functional, structural, and develop- mental factors in such growth, as well as environmental processes involved in plant interaction with the biotic and abiotic environment. The book tries to cap- ture the multitude of roles played by H+ ions in the processes that sustain life on this planet. It deals with pH in plant symplasm, plant apoplasm, the rhizo- sphere, the ecosystem, and soil biotic and abiotic components, thus covering plant life from the general environment all the way down to cell organelles and mole- cules. The book covers four main subjects: (1) dynamics of H+ fluxes across membranes (plasma membrane, tonoplast, chloroplast thylakoids and mitochon- dria), (2) the role of H+ activity (pH) in cellular, subcellular, and whole plant processes, (3) the role of pH and H+ fluxes in soil biotic processes involving microorganisms as well as in soil-plant-microbe interactions, and (4) the interde- pendence of pH changes and soil abiotic processes (ion availability). The book covers a wide range of topics spanning many scientific disciplines, for example, plant biology, cell physiology, botany, microbiology, ecology, soil science, agronomy, and forestry. All chapters have been reviewed according to the standards of high-impact Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. international journals. I would like to thank the authors, who patiently went with me through a number of revisions of their chapters. I would also like to thank the Marcel Dekker, Inc., staff for capable handling of numerous issues and for their dedication to producing a high-quality multidisciplinary book. Zdenko (Zed) Rengel Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Contents Preface Contributors 1. H+-ATPases in the Plasma Membran:e Physiology and Molecular Biology Thomas Jahn and Michael Gjedde Palmgren 2. H+-ATPase and H+-PPase in the Vacuolar Membrane: Physiology and Molecular Biology Masayoshi Maeshima and Yoichi Nakanishi 3. The Cytoplasmic pH Stat Robert J. Reid and F. Andrew Smith 4. Confocal pH Topography in Plant Cells: Shifts of Proton Distribution Involved in Plant Signaling Werner Roos 5. pH as a Signal and Regulator of Membrane Transport Hubert H. Felle 6. The Role of the Apoplastic pH in Cell Wall Extension and Cell Enlargement Robert E. Cleland 1. Mechanisms and Physiological Roles of Proton Movements in Plant Thylakoid Membranes W. S. Chow and Alexander B. Hope Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 8. Dynamics of H Fluxes in Mitochondria! Membrane Francis E. Sluse and Wiestawa Jarmuszkiewicz 9. H4 Fluxes in Nitrogen Assimilation by Plants Fernando Gallardo and Francisco M. Cdnovas 10. Crassulacean Acid Metabolism: A Special Case of pH Regulation and H4 Fluxes Karl-Josef Dietz and Dortje Golldack 11. Dynamics of H+ Fluxes in the Plant Apoplast Joska Gerendds and Burkhard Sattelmacher 12. H" Currents around Plant Roots Miguel A. Pineros and Leon V. Kochian 13. Role of pH in Availability of Ions in Soil Zclenko Rengel 14. Regulation of Microbial Processes by Soil pH David E. Crowley and Samuel A. Alvey 15. The Role of Acid pH in Symbiosis between Plants and Soil Organisms Karen G. Ballen and Peter H. Graham 16. Distribution of Plant Species in Relation to pH of Soil and Water Jacqueline Baar and Jan G. M. Roelofs Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Contributors Samuel A. Alvey Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Cali- fornia, Riverside, Riverside, California Jacqueline Baar* Department of Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biol- ogy, University of Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Karen G. Ballen Biology Department, Augsburg College, Minneapolis, Min- nesota Francisco M. Canovas Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Andalusian Institute of Biotechnology, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain W. S. Chow Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National Uni- versity, Canberra, Australia Robert E. Cleland Department of Botany, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington David E. Crowley Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Cali- fornia, Riverside, Riverside, California Karl-Josef Dietz Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Plants, Uni- versity of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany Hubert H. Felle Botanisches Institut I, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Ger- many * Current affiliation: Department of Applied Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research Center, Horst, The Netherlands Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Fernando Gallardo Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, An- dalusian Institute of Biotechnology, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain Joska Gerendas Institute for Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany Dortje Golldack Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Plants, Uni- versity of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany Peter H. Graham Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Min- nesota, St. Paul, Minnesota Alexander B. Hope School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Ade- laide, South Australia, Australia Thomas Jahn Department of Agricultural Sciences, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, Denmark Wiestawa Jarmuszkiewicz Department of Bioenergetics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland Leon V. Kochian U.S. Plant, Soil and Nutritional Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York Masayoshi Maeshima Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan Yoichi Nakanishi Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya Uni- versity, Nagoya, Japan Michael Gjedde Palmgren Department of Agricultural Sciences, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, Denmark Miguel A. Pineros U.S. Plant, Soil and Nutrition Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York Robert J. Reid Department of Environmental Biology, Adelaide University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia Zdenko Rengel Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, The Univer- sity of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia Jan G. M. Roelofs Department of Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biol- ogy, University of Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Werner Roos Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Martin Luther University, Halle (Saale), Germany Burkhard Sattelmacher Institute for Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Univer- sity of Kiel, Kiel, Germany Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Francis E. Sluse Laboratory of Bioenergetics, University of Liege, Liege, Bel- gium F. Andrew Smith Department of Soil and Water, Adelaide University, Ade- laide, South Australia, Australia Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.