PSYCHOLOGY HANDBOOK OF OF PERSONALITY PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY This Page Intentionally Left Blank HANDBOOK OF OF PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY Edited by by HOGAN ROBERT HOGAN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF OF TULSA TULSA OKLAHOMA TULSA, TULSA, OKLAHOMA JOHN JOHNSON JOHN JOHNSON PENNSYLVANIA PENNSYLVANIA STATE STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY DuBOIS, PENNSYLVANIA DuBois, PENNSYLVANIA STEPHEN BRIGGS BRIGGS UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF OF TULSA TULSA TULSA, TULSA, OKLAHOMA OKLAHOMA ACADEMIC PRESS PRESS An An Imprint Imprint of of Elsevier Elsevier SAN SAN DIEGO DIEGO LONDON LONDON BOSTON BOSTON NEW NEW YORK YORK SYDNEY SYDNEY TOKYO TOKYO TORONTO TORONTO is printed acid-free paper. @ This book book is printed on on acid-free paper. e Copyright e © 1997 1997 by by ACADEMIC ACADEMIC PRESS PRESS Reserved. All Rights Rights Reserved. No part of this part of this publication publication may may be be reproduced reproduced or or transmitted transmitted in in any any form form or or by by any any mechanical, including information means, electronic electronic or or mechanical, including photocopy, photocopy, recording, recording, or or any any information publisher. storage storage and and retrieval retrieval system, system, without without permission permission in in writing writing from from the the publisher. be sought from Elsevier's Permissions may may be sought directly directly from Elsevler'a Science Science and and Technology Technology Rights Rights e-mail: Oxford, UK. UK. Phone: Phone: (44) (44) 1865843830 Department Department In in Oxford, Fax: (44) (44) 1885853333, 1865 853333. e-mail: 1865 843830,, Fax: CONTENTS xix CONTRIBUTORS xix xxiii PREFACE xxiii PART. PART I INTRODUCTION PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY NATURE OF OF PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY CHAPTER 11 A A CONCEPTUAL CONCEPTUAL HISTORY HISTORY OF OF PERSONALITY PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY PSYCHOLOGY DAN P. P. McADAMS MCADAMS I. PERSONALnY PERSONALTTY PSYCHOLOGY'S PSYCHOLOGY'S UNIQUE UNIQUE FEATURES: FEATURES: HOLISM, HOLISM, MOTIVATION, MOTIVATION, AND AND INDMDUAL INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES DIFFERENCES II. 4 HISTORICAL ROOTS: THE 1930s ROOTS: BEFORE BEFORE THE 1930s III. THE OF SYSTEMS: THE FORMATION FORMATION OF SYSTEMS: 1930-1950 1930-1950 IV. 5 7 THE ELABORATION ELABORATION OF OF CONSTRUCTS: CONSTRUCTS: 1950-1970 1950-1970 V. DOUBT TO DOUBT AND AND A A RENEWAL RENEWAL OF OF CONFIDENCE: CONHDENCE: 1970 1970 TO PRESENT THE PRESENT 19 CONCLUSIONS: PROGRESS PROGRESS AND AND STAGNATION STAGNATION VI. CONCLUSIONS: REFERENCES 29 , 27 13 vi VI CHAPTER 2 2 CONTENTS CONTENTS STUDYING LIVES: LIVES: PSYCHOBIOGRAPHY PSYCHOBIOGRAPHY AND AND THE THE CONCEPTUAL CONCEPTUAL PSYCHOLOGY STRUCTURE OF OF PERSONALITY PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY WILLIAM WILLIAM MCKINLEY MCKINLEY RUNYAN R U N Y A N INTRODUCTION I. INTRODucnON 41 41 PSYCHOLOGY II. II. THE THE CONCEPTUAL CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURE STRUCTURE OF OF PERSONALITY PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY III. III. PROGRESS PROGRESS IN IN PSYCHOBIOGRAPHICAL PSYCHOBIOGRAPHICAL INQUIRY INQUIRY 43 43 47 47 OF IV. IV. RELATIONSHIPS RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN BETWEEN THE THE STUDY STUDY OF OF LIVES LIVES AND AND OrnER OTHER AREAS AREAS OF PERSONALITY PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY PSYCHOLOGY 53 53 V. A "SOFT V. THE THE STUDY STUDY OF OF LIVES LIVES AS AS A "Son SYNTHESIS" SYNTHESIS" IN IN PSYCHOLOGY PSYCHOLOGY 63 VI. CONCLUSION VI. CONCLUSION 63 REFERENCES REFERENCES PARTll PARTII CHAPTER3 CHAPTER 3 59 59 64 64 CON CONCEPTUAL AND MEASUREMENT ISSUES MEASUREMENT ISSUES CEPTUAL AND PERSONALITY IN IN PERSONALITY UNITS OF THE DESCRIPTION OF ANALYSIS ANALYSIS FOR FOR THE DESCRIPTION AND AND EXPLANATION EXPLANATION PERSONALITY OF PERSONALITY JOHN JOHN A. A. JOHNSON JOHNSON ANALYSIS I. THE THE NEED NEED FOR FOR UNITS UNITS OF OF ANALYSIS TRAITS AS UNITS OF ANALYSIS II. TRAITS AS UNITS OF ANALYSIS 73 73 74 74 III. THE ASSESSMENT OF TRAITS III. ISSUES ISSUES IN IN THE ASSESSMENT OF TRAITS IV. ALTERNATIVES TRAITS IV. ALTERNATIVES TO TO TRAITS REFERENCES 4 CHAPTER 4 79 79 86 86 89 89 TRAITS IN DEFENSE DEFENSE OF OF TRAITS JERRY JERRY S. S. WIGGINS WIGGINS THEORIES AND VIEWPOINTS I. THEORIES AND VIEWPOINTS 97 97 AHRIBUTES OF BEHAVIOR II. II. TRAITS TRAITS AS AS ATTRIBUTES OF BEHAVIOR TRAITS AS PERSONS III. III. TRAITS AS ATTRIBUTES ATTRIBUTES OF OF PERSONS IV. IV. PREDiaoRS OF BEHAVIOR TRAITS AS AS PREDICTORS OF BEHAVIOR 99 99 102 102 108 108 CONTENTS AS EXPLANATIONS OF BEHAVIOR V. TRAITS TRAITS AS EXPLANATIONS OF BEHAVIOR REFERENCES 110 110 113 113 CHAPTER 5 INDIVIDUALS THE CHAFFERS I N D I V I D U A L S AND A N D T H E DIFFERENCES D I F F E R E N C E S BETWEEN B E T W E E N THEM T H E M JAMES JAMES T. T . LAMlELL LAMIELL I. WHY WHY INDIVIDUAL INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES DIFFERENCES RESEARCH RESEARCH CANNOT CANNOT ADVANCE ADVANCE PERSONALITY THEORY THEORY 118 II. SOME IN NEED OF CLARIFICATION SOME ISSUES ISSUES IN NEED OF CLARIFICATION 123 123 AN ALTERNATIVE TO TRADITIONAL III. "IDIOTHETIC" "IDIOTHETIC" INQUIRY INQUIRY AS AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO TRADITIONAL "NOMOTHETICISM" "NOMOTHETICISM" REFERENCES 6 CHAPTER 6 130 130 138 RELIABILITY PERSONALITY MEASUREMENT: MEASUREMENT: RELIABILITY ISSUES AND AND VALIDITY VALIDITY ISSUES STEPHEN STEPHEN G. G . WEST WEST JOHN F. F . FINCH FINCH I. OF PERSONALITY BASIC ISSUES THE NATURE NATURE OF PERSONALITY CONSTRUCTS: CoNSTRuas: BASIC ISSUES RELIABILITY II. RELIABILITY 143 145 III. VALIDITY VALIDITY 150 150 CONCLUSION IV. CONCLUSION 159 159 REFERENCES 160 160 7 CHAPTER 7 SITUATIONS PERSONALITY INFLUENCES INFLUENCES ON ON THE THE CHOICE CHOICE OF OF SITUATIONS WILLIAM WILLIAM ICKES ICKES MARK MARK SNYDER SNYDER STELLA STELLA GARCIA GARCIA "CHOOSING SITUATIONS" MEAN? I. WHAT WHAT DOES DOES "CHOOSING SITUATIONS" MEAN? AND METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES CONCEPTUAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES II. CONCEPTUAL 166 166 167 167 THE DIMENSIONS OF SOCIAL ASSESSING THE DIMENSIONS OF SOCIAL SITUATIONS SITUATIONS III. ASSESSING 172 172 IN TERMS IV. UNDERSTANDING UNDERSTANDING INDIVIDUALS INDIVIDUALS IN TERMS OF OF SITUATIONAL SITUATIONAL CHOICES CHOICES CONCLUSION V. CONCLUSION REFERENCES 185 185 187 187 175 175 vii viii PART m PARTIII CHArrER 8 CHAPTERS DEVELOPMENTAL ISSUES ISSUES STAGES OF OF PERSONALITY PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT JANE LoEVINGER LOEVINGER I. MEASUREMENT OF PERSONALI'IY MEASUREMENT OF PERSONALITY PERSONALITY STAGES II. PERSONALITY STAGES AND AND TYPES TYPES 199 199 200 200 III. KOHLBERG: MORAL JUDGMENT III. KOHLBERG; STAGES STAGES OF OF MORAL JUDGMENT IV. EGO DEVELOPMENT IV. A A STAGE-TypE STAGE-TYPE THEORY: THEORY: EGO DEVELOPMENT V. STAGES OF V. STAGES OF EGO EGO DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT OF ERROR VI. VI. SOURCES SOURCES OF ERROR VII. 201 201 201 201 202 202 205 205 STAGES VERSUS FACTORS VERSUS FACTORS REFERENCES 9 CHArrER CHAPTER 9 206 207 207 PERSONALITY THE EMOTIONAL EMOTIONAL BASIS BASIS OF OF EARLY EARLY PERSONALITY THE DEVELOPMENT: IMPLICATIONS IMPLICATIONS FOR FOR mE SELF-CONCEPT EMERGENT SELF·CONCEPT REBECCA REBECCA A. A. EDER E D E R SARAH SARAH C. C . MANGELSDORF MANGELSDORF BASIS OF DEVELOPMENT I. THE THE EMOTIONAL EMOTIONAL BASIS OF EARLY EARLY PERSONALI1Y PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT 209 209 OF THE SELF-CONCEPT II. II. INFANT INFANT PERSONALITY PERSONALITY DEVELOPMEN1: DEVELOPMENT: FIRST FIRST SIGNS SIGNS OF THE SELF-CONCEPT 210 210 TODDLERS' III. III. THE THE TRANSmON TRANSITION BElWEEN BETWEEN INFANCY INFANCY AND AND CmLDHOOD: CHILDHOOD: TODDLERS' N. IV. V. V. SOCIAL UNDERSTANDING 221 SOCIAL UNDERSTANDING 221 DEVELOPMENT IN 221 PERSONALITY PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY EARLY CmLDHooD CHILDHOOD 221 PurnNG PUTTING It IT ALL A L L TOGETHER: TOGETHER: A A MODEL MODEL OF OF PERSONALITY PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT VI. VI. CONCLUSION CONCLUSION 234 234 REFERENCES REFERENCES 234 234 10 CHArrER CHAPTER 10 228 228 DEVELOPMENT FAMILY FAM^Y INFLUENCES INFLUENCES ON ON PERSONALITY PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT CHARLES F. F . HALVERSON, HALVERSON, JR. JR. WAMPLER KAREN S. S . WAMPLER INTRODUCTION I. INTRODUCTION 241 241 II. THREE THREE CRISES CRISES FOR FOR PERSONALI1Y PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH RESEARCH REFERENCES 260 260 242 242 CONTENTS CONRNTS CONTENTS CHAPTERll CHAPTER 11 LONGITUDINAL LONGITUDINAL STABILITY STABILITY OF OF ADULT ADULT PERSONALITY PERSONALITY PAUL P A U L T. T . COSTA, COSTA, JR. JR. ROBERT ROBERT R. R . MCCRAE M C C R A E DEFINITIGN AND ASSESSMENT OF PERSONALITY I. THE THE DEFINmON AND ASSESSMENT OF PERSONALITY II. II. STABILITY STABILITY OF OF MEAN MEAN LEVELS LEVELS 269 269 271 271 III. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES III. STABILITY STABILITY OF OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 275 275 IV. ADULT DEVELOPMENT: IV. ADULT DEVELOPMENT: CHANGE CHANGE IN IN THE THE 220s 0 S 279 279 V. ALTERNATIVE TO STABILITY OR CHANGE V. ALTERNATIVE ApPROACHES APPROACHES TO STABILITY OR CHANGE VI. STABILITY VI. SOME SOME IMPLICATIONS IMPLICATIONS OF OF PERSONALITY PERSONALITY STABILITY REFERENCES 12 CHAPTER 12 280 280 283 283 285 285 DISTINCTIVE Is THERE THERE ADULT ADULT DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT DISTINCTIVE WOMEN? TO WOMEN? RAVENNA R A V E N N A HELSON H E L S O N JENNIFER JENNIFER PALS P A L S MARJORIE MARJORIE SOLOMON SOLOMON SOME ORGANIZING ASSUMPTIONS I. SOME ORGANIZING ASSUMmoNs 293 293 SOME IDEAS THEORIES ABOUT WOMEN'S ADULT DEVELOPMENT II. II. SOME IDEAS AND AND THEORIES ABOUT WOMEN'S ADULT DEVELOPMENT III. WOMEN'S LIVES THE 1920s TO THE LIVES FROM FROM THE 1920s TO THE 1990s 1990s 293 293 297 297 DEVELOPMENT IV. IV. SOME SOME POSSIBLE POSSIBLE GENERAL GENERAL FEATURES FEATURES OF OF WOMEN'S WOMEN'S ADULT ADULT DEVELOPMENT V. WOMEN V. RELATIONAL RELATIONAL AND AND VOCATIONAL VOCATIONAL GOALS GOALS OF OF YOUNG YOUNG WOMEN VI. GENDER-RELATED VI. GENDER-RELATED PERSONALITY PERSONALITY CHANGE CHANGE VII. OVERVIEW VII. OVERVIEW AND AND IMPLICATIONS IMPUCATIONS VIII. ApPENDIX APPENDIX REFERENCES PART IV PARTIV CHAPTER 13 13 299 299 299 299 304 304 307 307 309 309 310 310 BIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS DETERMINANTS OF OF PERSONALITY PERSONALITY EVOLUTIONARY EVOLUTIONARY FOUNDATIONS FOUNDATIONS OF OF PERSONALITY PERSONALITY B U S S DAVID D A V I D M. M . Buss THEORY, AND HYPOTHESIS I. EVOLUTION: EVOLUTION: FACT, FACT, PATH, PATH, THEORY, AND HYPOTHESIS II. OF EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY II. BASICS BASICS OF EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 321 321 318 318 ix IX