Handbook of Pediatric Surgery Jessica L. Buicko, MD Endocrine Surgery Fellow, Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY Michael A. Lopez, DO Surgical Resident, Department of Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, JFK Hospital Surgical Residency Program, Atlantis, FL Miguel A. Lopez-Viego, MD, FACS Clinical Associate Professor of Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, JFK Hospital Surgical Residency Program, Atlantis, FL Contents Cover image Title page Copyright Dedication Preface Contributors Section 1 Management of the Pediatric Surgical Patient Chapter 1 Evaluation and Examination of the Pediatric Surgical Patient Historical Background The Examination Special Considerations References Chapter 2 Fluids and Electrolytes in Children Assessment of Fluid Status Goals of Fluid Therapy Causes of Fluid Loss Estimated Fluid Needs for Infants and Children Maintenance Electrolytes Changes in Maintenance Needs References Chapter 3 Surgical Nutrition and TPN in the Pediatric Patient Introduction Physiology Indications for Parenteral Nutrition How to Prescribe Parenteral Nutrition Monitoring Complications References Chapter 4 Pediatric Anesthesia Relevant Anatomy and Physiology Pharmacologic Differences Induction Techniques Tracheal Intubation Further Considerations References Chapter 5 Central Venous and Arterial Access in the Pediatric Patient Relevant Anatomy Venous Catheters Percutaneous Technique Techniques to Confirm Venous Access Arterial Catheters Hemodialysis Catheters Management of Common Complications References Chapter 6 Common Pediatric Drug Dosing Pharmacokinetics of the Pediatric Patient Common Antibiotics Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis Pain Management Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting References Section 2 Pediatric Trauma Surgery Chapter 7 The Approach to the Pediatric Trauma Patient Trauma Resuscitation Primary Survey Secondary Survey Tertiary Survey Signs of Child Abuse Injury Prevention References Chapter 8 Abdominal and Pelvic Trauma Initial Management Indications for Laparotomy Bowel Injury Splenic Injury Liver Injury Bladder Injury Pancreatic Injury References Chapter 9 Thoracic Trauma Relevant Anatomy and Physiology Epidemiology and Etiology Common Injury Patterns Imaging Findings Surgical Management References Chapter 10 Common Fractures in Children Bone Physiology Healing and Remodeling Distal Radius Digits Supracondylar Fractures Clavicle Tibia References Chapter 11 Management of the Pediatric Burn Patient Relevant Anatomy Epidemiology and Etiology Clinical Presentation and Initial Evaluation Fluid Management Medical and Surgical Treatment Postoperative Care References Chapter 12 Head Trauma in Children Relevant Anatomy and Physiology Epidemiology and Etiology Initial Evaluation: History Clinical Presentation Diagnostic Imaging Medical and Surgical Management Common Injuries References Chapter 13 Diagnosis and Management of Child Abuse Injuries Relevant Anatomy Epidemiology and Etiology Clinical Presentation Screening Diagnosis Management References Section 3 Common Pediatric Surgical Problems Chapter 14 Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis Historical Background Relevant Anatomy (Figure 14.1) Epidemiology and Etiology Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Surgical Management Operative Intervention Postoperative Care References Chapter 15 Omphalocele and Gastroschisis Relevant Anatomy and Terminology Etiology and Epidemiology Diagnosis Preoperative Management Surgical Approach Postoperative Care References Chapter 16 Mesenteric, Omental, and Duplication Cysts Duplication Cysts Epidemiology and Etiology Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Surgical Management Mesenteric and Omental Cysts Epidemiology and Etiology Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Surgical Management Postoperative Care References Chapter 17 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Relevant Anatomy Epidemiology and Etiology Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Medical Management Surgical Management Postoperative Care References Chapter 18 Bariatric Surgery in Children Historical Background Definitions Epidemiology and Etiology Patient Selection Preoperative Workup and Evaluation Medical Management Surgical Management Perioperative Management Surgical Interventions Postoperative Care