Handbook of PEDIATRIC DENTISTRY Content Strategist: Alison Taylor Content Development Specialist: Barbara Simmons Project Manager: Sruthi Viswam Designer/Design Direction: Christian Bilbow Illustration Manager: Jennifer Rose Handbook of PEDIATRIC DENTISTRY 4TH EDITION Edited by Angus C Cameron BDS (Hons) MDSc (Syd) FDSRCS(Eng) FRACDS FICD Head, Department of Paediatric Dentistry & Orthodontics, Westmead Hospital, Sydney Clinical Associate Professor and Head, Paediatric Dentistry, The University of Sydney Visiting Senior Specialist, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Australia Richard P Widmer BDSc (Hons) MDSc (Melb) FRACDS FICD Head, Department of Dentistry, Sydney Children’s Hospital Network, Westmead, Sydney Clinical Associate Professor, Paediatric Dentistry, The University of Sydney Senior Consultant, Paediatric Dentistry, Westmead Hospital, Australia Australasian Academy of Paediatric Dentistry Edinburgh London New York Oxford Philadelphia St Louis Sydney Toronto 2013 Text and illustrations in Chapter 14 (Orthodontic diagnosis and treatment in the mixed dentition) contributed by John Fricker are published with the permission of Tidbinbilla Publishers, Canberra, Australia. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved. 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First edition 1997 Second edition 2003 Third edition 2008 Fourth edition 2013 ISBN 9780723436959 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. 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The publisher’s policy is to use paper manufactured from sustainable forests Printed in China Contributors Paul Abbott Peter J Cooper BDSc (WA) MDS (Adel) FRACDS (Endo) BSc MB ChB MRCP (UK) Winthrop Professor of Clinical Dentistry Paediatric Respiratory Physician School of Dentistry/Oral Health Centre of Western The Sydney Children’s Hospital Network, Westmead Australia (OHCWA) Campus The University of Western Australia, Australia Westmead, Australia Eduardo A Alcaino Julia Dando BDS MDSc Grad Dip(Conscious Sedation) BDS(Wales) MMedSci(Sheffield) FDSRCS(Edin) MRACDS(Paed) FRACDS MOrthRCS(Eng) MRACDS(Orth) Specialist Paediatric Dentist Head of Orthodontics Visiting Dental Officer, Paediatric Dentistry Westmead Department of Paediatric Dentistry & Orthodontics Hospital, and Sydney Dental Hospital, Australia Westmead Hospital, Australia Michael J Aldred Rebecca Eggers BDS (Wales) PhD (Wales) GradCertEd (QUT) FDS RCS BDS(Syd) MDSc(Syd) FRACDS (Eng) FRCPath (UK) FFOP(RCPA) Specialist Paediatric Dentist Specialist Oral and Maxillofacial Pathologist Staff Specialist, Department of Paediatric Dentistry Dorevitch Pathology, Melbourne, Australia Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia Sherene Alexander John Fricker BDS(Mangalore) MDS(Mangalore) MRACDS(Paed) BDS MDSc (Syd) Grad Dip Adult Ed FRACDS FRACDS FICD Specialist Orthodontist Staff Specialist, Department of Paediatric Dentistry Canberra, ACT, Australia Westmead Hospital, Westmead Clinical Senior Lecturer, Paediatric Dentistry Anastasia Georgiou The University of Sydney, Australia BDS(Adel) MDSc(Syd) MRACDS(Oral Med) FRACDS Staff Specialist, Oral Medicine Wendy J Bellis Westmead Hospital, Westmead MSc BDS Australia Specialist Paediatric Senior Dental Officer and Assistant Clinical Director Kerrod B Hallett Community Dental Service of Camden and Islington BDSc (Hons) MDSc (Qld) FRACDS Primary Care Trusts Director, Department of Dentistry London, UK Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia Anthony Blinkhorn Linda Hayes-Cameron OBE BPsyc(Hons)(UNE) MPsyc(Macq) BHeathSc(Nursing) Professor, NSW Chair of Population Oral Health CertMidwifery CertChild&FamilyHealth Faculty of Dentistry and Centre for Value, Ethics & Law Clinical Psychologist in Medicine Department of Neonatology The University of Sydney, Australia The Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia Michael G Cooper Andrew A C Heggie MB BS FANZCA FFPMANZCA MBBS(Melb) MDSc(Melb) LDS(Vic) FRACDS FFDRCSI Senior Anaesthetist FACOMS FRACDS(OMS) Department of Anaesthesia, Department of Pain A/Professor and Head, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Medicine & Palliative Care Unit The Sydney Children’s Hospital Network, Westmead Department of Plastic & Maxillofacial Surgery, Royal Campus Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia Westmead, Australia xii Handbook of Pediatric Dentistry Sally Hibbert Jane McDonald BDS MPhil (Liverpool) FDS(Paed Dent) RCS MB BS (NSW) FANZCA Staff Specialist Visiting Medical Officer, Paediatric Anaesthetics Department of Dentistry, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead Hospital and the Children’s Hospital at Westmead Westmead Clinical Senior Lecturer, Paediatric Dentistry Westmead, Australia The University of Sydney, Australia David J Manton Timothy Johnston BDSc MDSc PhD FRACDS FICD BDSc (WA) MDSc (Melb) FRACDS FADI Elsdon Storey Chair of Child Dental Health Specialist Paediatric Dentist, Melbourne Dental School Consultant Paediatric Dentist, Princess Margaret The University of Melbourne, Australia Hospital Clinical Senior Lecturer, University of Western Australia Daniel W McNeil Perth, Australia PhD Associate Professor and Director of Clinical Training Om P Kharbanda Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, BDS(Lucknow) MDS(Lucknow) MOthRCS(Edin) MMEd West Virginia, USA (Dundee) Fellow, Indian Board of Orthodontics Honoris Causa FAMS MAMS FICD Cheryl B McNeil Professor and Head, Division of Orthodontics and PhD Medical Superintendent Centre for Dental Education Assistant Professor and Research (CDER) Department of Psychology All India Institute of Medical Sciences West Virginia University, West Virginia, USA Adjunct Faculty and Coordinator, KL Wig Centre for Medical Education and Research Kareen Mekertichian NEW Delhi, India BDS (Hons) MDSc FRACDS FPFA FICD Specialist Paediatric Dentist Nicky Kilpatrick Chatswood, Australia BDS (Birm) PhD (Newcastle) FDSRCPS FRACDS(Paed) Honorary Research Fellow Craig Munns Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, MBBS PhD FRACP Australia Conjoint Associate Professor and Senior Staff Specialist Paediatric Endocrinology Nigel M King The Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network, Westmead BDS Hons (Lond) MSc Hons (Lond) PhD (Hong Kong) Campus LDSRCS (Eng) FDSRCS (Edin) FDSRCS (Eng) MRACDS Westmead, Australia (Paed Dent) FHKAM (Dent Surg) FCDSHK (Paed Dent) Winthrop Professor of Paediatric Dentistry Christopher Olsen School of Dentistry/Oral Health Centre of Western MDSc (Melb) FRACDS Australia (OHCWA) Clin Assoc Professor The University of Western Australia, Australia Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne Paediatric Dentist, Royal Dental Hospital, Erin Mahoney Melbourne, Australia BDS(Otago) MDSc(Syd) PhD(Syd) FRACDS Specialist Paediatric Dentist Neeta Prabhu Hutt Valley District Health Board BDS(Bombay) MDS(Mangalore), MPhil(Newcastle upon Clinical Senior Lecturer, University of Otago, New Tyne), MRACDS(Paed) FRACDS FICD Zealand Staff Specialist Department of Paediatric Dentistry Simrit Malhi Westmead Hospital, Westmead BDS(Hons)(Punjab) MDS(PGIMER) MRACDS(Paed) Clinical Senior Lecturer, Paediatric Dentistry FDSRCS(Eng) FRACDS The University of Sydney, Australia Staff Specialist Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Westmead Hospital, Sarah Raphael Westmead BDS (Adel) MDSc (Syd) FRACDS Clinical Senior Lecturer, Paediatric Dentistry Specialist Paediatric Dentistry The University of Sydney, Australia Sydney, NSW Contributors xiii Mark Schifter Meredith Wilson BDS MDSc(Syd) MSND RCS(Edin) MOM RCS(Edin) FFD MBBS, FRACP, MBioeth RCSI(Oral Med) FRACDS(Oral Med) FICD Clinical Associate Professor Head of Department of Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology University of Sydney Western Clinical School and Special Care Dentistry Clinical Geneticist (HGSA), The Children’s Hospital at Westmead Hospital Westmead Clinical Associate Professor, University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia Australia John Winters Sarah Starr BDSc MDSc (UWA) FICD B AppSci (Speech Path), M Health Sci (Ed),CPSP Specialist Paediatric Dentist Director of Speech Pathology Services Chairman, Dental Department, Burwood, Australia Princess Margaret Hospital, Perth, Australia Neil Street MB BS (NSW) MAppSci (UTS) FANZCA Staff Specialist, Paediatric Anaesthetics The Sydney Children’s Hospital Network, Westmead Campus Westmead, Australia Contributors xiii Contributors to previous editions The Editors would like to acknowledge the great support and contributions made to the earlier editions by the following people, who made this book possible: Louise Brearley Messer Peter Gregory AM BDSc LDS MDSc (Melb) PhD (Minn) BDSc MDSc (WA) FRACDS Former Eldston Storey Professor of Child Dental Health, Specialist Paediatric Dentist The University of Melbourne Visiting Paedodontist, Princess Margaret Hospital for Adjunct Professor, Pediatric Dentistry, University of Children, Perth, WA Minnesota, USA Clinical Lecturer, The University of Western Australia Roland Bryant Roger K Hall MDS (Syd) PhD FRACDS OAM MDSc (Melb) FRACDS FICD Professor of Conservative Dentistry, The University of Associate Professor and Principal Fellow, The University Sydney of Melbourne Senior Dental Surgeon, Royal Children’s Hospital, Santo Cardaci Melbourne BDSc Hons (WA) MDSc (Adel) FRACDS Specialist Endodontist, Perth, WA Fiona Heard BDSc (Melb) LDS MDSc (Syd) FRACDS Peter JM Crawford Specialist Endodontist, Sydney, NSW BDS, MScD, FDSRCS(Edin), FDSRCS(Eng), FRCPCH Visiting Dental Officer, Westmead Hospital Consultant Senior Lecturer in Paediatric Dentistry, University of Bristol Dental Hospital Justine Hemmings B App Sc (Speech Path) Bernadette Drummond Senior Speech Pathologist, Royal Alexandra Hospital for BDS (Otago) PhD FRACDS Children, Westmead Professor of Paediatric Dentistry, The University of Otago, New Zealand xiv Handbook of Pediatric Dentistry David Isaacs Stephen O’Flaherty MB BChir MD MRCP FRACP MB ChB FRACP FAFRM Associate Professor and Head, Department of Head, Department Paediatric Rehabilitation, Royal Immunology, Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children, Alexandra Hospital for Children, Westmead Westmead Tony Sandler Tissa Jayasekera BDS (Witw) HD Dent (Witw) MDSc (Melb) MDS (Syd) FRACDS Specialist Endodontist, Perth, WA Specialist Orthodontist, Bendigo, Victoria Visiting Dental Officer (Paediatric Dentistry), Westmead Sarah Raphael Hospital BDS (Adel) MDSc (Syd) FRACDS Specialist Paediatric Dentistry, Sydney, NSW Allison Kakakios MB BS (Hons) FRACP Julie Reid Staff Specialist, Paediatric Immunology, Royal Alexandra BAppSci (Speech Pathol) (La Trobe) GradDip(Gerontol) Hospital for Children, Westmead (Syd) PhD Senior Speech Pathologist, Royal Children’s Hospital, Linda Kingston Melbourne B App Sci (Speech Path) Senior Speech Pathologist, Royal Alexandra Hospital for W Kim Seow Children, Westmead BDS (Adel) MDSc (Qld) DDSc PhD FRACDS Associate Professor, Paediatric Dentistry, University of Peter King Queensland, Queensland MDS (Syd) Former Head of Unit, Special Care Dentistry, Westmead Margarita Silva Hospital CD (Mexico) MS (Minn) Specialist Paediatric Dentist, Melbourne, Victoria Judy Kirk MB BS (Syd) FRACP Joe Verco Staff Specialist Cancer Genetics, Medical Oncology, BDS (Adel) LDS (Vic) BSc Dent (Hons) MDS FAAPD Westmead Hospital Specialist Paediatric Dentist, Adelaide, South Australia Sandy Lopacki Peter Wong MA (Speech Path) (Northwestern) CCC-ASHA BDS (Hons) MDSc (Syd) FRACDS Formerly, Senior Speech Pathologist, Westmead Specialist Paediatric Dentist, Canberra ACT Hospital Visiting Dental Officer (Paediatric Dentistry), Westmead Hospital James Lucas MDSc (Melb) MS (LaTrobe) FRACDS LDS Deputy Director, Department of Dentistry, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne