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Handbook of Food Science and Technology 2: Food Process Engineering and Packaging PDF

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Handbook of Food Science and Technology 2 Series Editor Jack Legrand & Gilles Trystram Handbook of Food Science and Technology 2 Food Process Engineering and Packaging Edited by Romain Jeantet Thomas Croguennec Pierre Schuck Gérard Brulé First published 2016 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Translated by Geraldine Brodkorb from “Science des aliments” © Tec & Doc Lavoisier 2006. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address: ISTE Ltd John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 27-37 St George’s Road 111 River Street London SW19 4EU Hoboken, NJ 07030 UK USA www.iste.co.uk www.wiley.com © ISTE Ltd 2016 The rights of Romain Jeantet, Thomas Croguennec, Pierre Schuck and Gérard Brulé to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Library of Congress Control Number: 2016930387 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-84821-933-5 Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Gérard BRULÉ Part 1. Basis of Food Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Chapter 1. Transport Phenomena – Basis of Unit Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Romain JEANTET 1.1. Transfer processes in conduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.1.1. Heat transfers: Fourier’s law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.1.2. Mass transfer: Fick’s law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.1.3. Momentum transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.2. Convective transfer processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1.2.1. Introduction to geometric and physical similarity: Reynolds’ experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1.2.2. Importance of similarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 1.2.3. Complete similarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 1.2.4. Partial similarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 1.2.5. Dimensional analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Part 2. Food Biological Stabilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Chapter 2. Inhibition of Food Modifying Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Romain JEANTET and Juliane FLOURY 2.1. Refrigeration and freezing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.1.1. Definitions and basic principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.1.2. Ice formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2.1.3. Freezing process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 vi Handbook of Food Science and Technology 2 2.2. Concentration by evaporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 2.2.1. Single stage evaporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 2.2.2. Reduction in energy consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 2.3. Dehydration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 2.3.1. Roller drying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 2.3.2. Spray drying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 2.3.3. Freeze drying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 2.4. Stabilization by chemical inhibition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 2.4.1. Preservatives (antibacterial, antifungal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 2.4.2. Fermentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Chapter 3. Separation of Food Modifying Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Romain JEANTET 3.1. Sedimentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 3.1.1. Stokes’ law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 3.1.2. Centrifugal sedimentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 3.2. Cross-flow filtration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 3.2.1. Solvent transfer laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 3.2.2. Influence of filtration parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Chapter 4. Inactivation of Food Modifying Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Romain JEANTET 4.1. Heat treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 4.1.1. Destruction of microorganisms at constant temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 4.1.2. Structural changes in food at constant temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 4.1.3. Heat treatment at variable temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 4.1.4. Practical aspects of heat treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 4.2. Food irradiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 4.2.1. Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 4.2.2. Destruction of microorganisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 4.2.3. Areas of application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 4.2.4. Detection of irradiated food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 4.3. Combined treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Part 3. Food Physicochemical Stabilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Chapter 5. Stability of Complex Foods and Dispersed Systems . . . 153 Romain JEANTET and Juliane FLOURY 5.1. Complex foods: overview of dispersed systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 5.1.1. Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Contents vii 5.1.2. Emulsion stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 5.1.3. Foam stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 5.2. Production of emulsions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 5.2.1. Fractionation/coalescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 5.2.2. Practical aspects of emulsification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 5.3. Stability of dispersed systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 5.3.1. Polysaccharides and proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 5.3.2. Low molecular weight emulsifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Part 4. Food Ingredient Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Chapter 6. Physicochemical Basis of Fractionation and Related Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Romain JEANTET 6.1. Particle separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 6.1.1. Aggregation, precipitation and crystallization of molecular elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 6.1.2. Separation processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 6.2. Steric separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 6.2.1. Decreasing or increasing molecular size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 6.2.2. Separation processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 6.3. Separation by charge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 6.3.1. Physicochemical properties affecting molecular charge . . . . . . . 214 6.3.2. Separation processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 6.4. Separation by affinity chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 6.4.1. Immobilization of ligands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 6.4.2. Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 6.5. Extraction of lipophilic molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 6.5.1. Molecular partition between two immiscible phases . . . . . . . . . 222 6.6. Biotransformation and its use in separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Chapter 7. Biotransformation and Physicochemical Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Romain JEANTET 7.1. Biotransformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 7.1.1. Biological agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 7.1.2. Kinetics of biotransformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 7.1.3. Bioreactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 7.1.4. Criteria for choosing a bioreactor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 7.1.5. Assembling bioreactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 7.2. Physicochemical changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 7.2.1. Heat and mechanical treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 viii Handbook of Food Science and Technology 2 7.2.2. Crosslinking of macromolecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 7.2.3. Addition of functional groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 7.2.4. Hydrogenation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Part 5. Packaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Chapter 8. Packaging: Principles and Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Valérie LECHEVALIER 8.1. Packaging: definition and principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 8.2. Functions of packaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 8.2.1. Technical functions of packaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 8.2.2. Communicative functions of packaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 8.2.3. Environmental function of packaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 8.3. Properties of packaging material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 8.3.1. Permeability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 8.3.2. Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 8.3.3. Other properties of packaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 8.4. Packaging materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 8.4.1. Cellulosic materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 8.4.2. Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 8.4.3. Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 8.4.4. Plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 8.4.5. Biomaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 8.5. Packaging technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 8.5.1. Vacuum packaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 8.5.2. Modified atmosphere packaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 List of Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327

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