Handbook of Familyand Marital 'T'L J.llerapy Edited by Benjamin B. Wolman and George Stricker Family and marital therapy is rapidly becoming the choice method of treatment for mental disorders. The last few decades have brought about an increas ing awareness of the fact that, excluding those of organic origin, practically all menlal disorders are caused, fostered, andtot related to faulty interper· sonal relations. This handbook presents current ideas and techniques in the area of family and marital therapy, showing that it is effective not only in treat ment but in prevention of disorders as well. The editors have collected papers from leading ex perts in this area of psychotherapy. Their papers of· fer an up-to-date and wide-ranging survey of the field. The introductory chapter wriHen by Dr. Wolman explores the changing vistas in marriage and parenthood and discusses the basic reasons and rationale for marital and family therapy. Subsequent papers analyze the main conceptual issues related to communication, research, and training in family and marital therapy. A number of papers discuss the ma jor therapeutic systems currently practiced. The vol ume also includes several papers that deal with such special problems and issues as treating one·parent families, stepfamilies, sex therapy for couples, and therapy with minority groups. A groundbreaking work in a most important area of psychotherapy, Htmdbook of Family and Marilal Thrrapy will be an indispensable guide for clinical psychol· ogists, psychiatrists, and social workers. Jflektl dui,n by R. B. Gold"a~n Handbook of Family and Marital Therapy Handbook of Family and Marital Therapy Edited by Benjamin B. Wolman and George Stricker Consulting Editors James Framo, Joseph W. Newirth, Max Rosenbaum, and Had H. Young Plenum Press • New York and London Ubrary of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Handbook of family and marital therapy. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Family psychotherapy. 2. Marital psychotherapy. I Wolman, Benjamin B. II. Stricker, George. [DNLM: 1. Family therapy. 2. Marital Therapy. WM 430.5.F2 H2355] RC488.5.H327 1983 616.89'156 83-9650 ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-4444-5 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-4442-1 001: 10.1007/978-1-4684-4442-1 © 1983 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 18t edition 1983 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher Contributors Charles P. Barnard, Ed. D. School of Medicine School of Education and Human Services Los Angeles, California University of Wisconsin-Stout Menomonie, Wisconsin Paula Hollins Gritzer, M.S.W. 243 President Street Janet Beavin Bavelas, Ph.D. Brooklyn, New York Department of Psychology University of Victoria F. Nolan Jones, Ph.D. Victoria, British Columbia Clackamas County Family Court Service Canada Oregon City, Oregon John Elderkin Bell, Ed.D. 751 De Soto Drive Les Katz, Psy. D. Palo Alto, California 2993 S. Peoria Suite 302 Bryan D. Brook Aurora, Colorado 3185 South Dahlia Street Denver, Colorado David V. Keith, M.D. Department of Psychiatry Ruth E. Clifford, Ph.D. University of Wisconsin Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Clinical Sciences Center Sciences Madison, Wisconsin Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, California Jodie Kliman, Ph.D. New England Center for the Study of the Stanley N. Cohen, Ph.D. Family Department of Psychiatry Newton, Massachusetts The Oregon Health Sciences University Portland, Oregon Robert C. Kolodny, M.D. Herbert Goldenberg, Ph.D. Masters and Johnson Institute Department of Psychology 24 S. Kingshighway California State University St. Louis, Missouri Los Angeles, California Gayla Margolin, Ph.D. Irene Goldenberg, Ed. D. Department of Psychology-SGM 923 Department of Psychiatry University of Southern California University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles, California v vi Joseph W. Newirth, Ph.D. Adelphi University Institute of Advanced Psychological Garden City, New York CONTRIBUTORS Studies Adelphi University Thomas C. Todd, Ph.D. Garden City, New York Harlem Valley Psychiatric Center and Philadelphia Child Guidance Clinic Helen S. Okun, M.S.W. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 243 President Street Brooklyn, New York David W. Trimble, Ph.D. North Shore Professional Associates Daniel V. Papero, Ph.D. Lynn, Massachusetts Veterans Administration Medical Center Nashville, Tennessee David N. Ulrich, Ph.D. 337 Thornridge Drive Jo-Ann M. Rivera, Ph.D. Stamford, Connecticut Family Studies Section Albert Einstein College of Medicine Jandyra Velazquez, M.S. Bronx Psychiatric Center Child, Adolescent, and Family Services Bronx, New York Fordham Tremont Community Mental Health Center John B. Rosenberg, Ed.D. Bronx, New York Philadelphia Child Guidance Clinic Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Paula Walker 3185 South Dahlia Street Bonnie M. Ruth Denver, Colorado Bonnie Ruth and Associates, Ltd. Lakewood Medical Center Gwen Kathleen Weber, Ph.D. Lakewood, Colorado Department of Psychiatry C. Louis Meyer Children's Rehabilitation Institute Lynn Segal, L.C.S.W. Omaha, Nebraska Mental Research Institute 555 Middlefield Road Carl A. Whitaker, M.D. Palo Alto, California Department of Psychiatry University of Wisconsin M. Duncan Stanton, Ph.D. Clinical Sciences Center University of Pennsylvania School of Madison, Wisconsin Medicine and philadelphia Child Guidance Clinic Benjamin B. Wolman, Ph.D. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania International Encyclopedia of Psychiatry, Psychology, Psychoanalysis, and Janice M. Steil, Ph.D. Neurology Institute of Advanced Psychological 10 West 66th Street Studies Suite 6D Adelphi University New York, New York Garden City, New York Robert Henley Woody, Ph.D., Sc.D. Sharon Stein, M.S.W. Department of Psychology Department of Behavioral Sciences University of Nebraska at Omaha Children's Hospital Omaha, Nebraska Denver, Colorado Harl H. Young George Stricker, Ph.D. School of Professional Psychology Institute of Advanced Psychological University of Denver Studies Denver, Colorado Preface Family and marital therapies are rapidly becoming highly used methods of treatment of mental disorders and are no longer ancillary methods to individual psychotherapy. The last few decades have brought about an increasing awareness of the fact that, excluding organic etiology, practically all mental disorders are caused, fostered, and/or related to faulty interpersonal relations. As a rule, the .earlier in life one is exposed to noxious factors, the more severe is the damage. Thus, early child-parents' and child-siblings' interactions are highly relevant determinants of mental health and mental disorder. Moreover, parents themselves do not live in a vacuum. Their marital interaction significantly contributes to their own mental health or to its decline, and parent-child relationships are greatly influenced by the nature of intraparental relationships. Parental discord, conflicts, and abandonment affect the child's personality development. Thus, family and marital therapy is more than therapy; it is an important contribution to the prevention of mental disorder. The present volume is comprised of three parts. The first, primarily theoretical, analyzes the fundamental aspects of marital and family therapy. The second part describes the various therapeutic techniques and the last deals with several specific issues. It gives me great pleasure to acknowledge my gratitude to my coeditor, Dr. George Stricker. Without his thorough and devoted efforts, this volume could not have come into being. I am also profoundly indebted to our consulting editors, Dr. James Framo, Dr. Joseph Newirth, Dr. Max Rosenbaum, and Dr. Harl Young, and to Ms. Hilary Evans, senior medical editor of Plenum, for their wise and friendly help. BENJAMIN B. WOLMAN Contents I Foundations 1. Marriage and Parenthood: The Changing Scene 3 BENJAMIN B. WOLMAN 2. Individual and Marital Development: Entropy or Synergy 35 JOSEPH W. NEWIRTH 3. Marriage: An Unequal Partnership. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 JANICE M. STEIL 4. Human Systems and Communication Theory 61 LYNN SEGAL AND JANET BEAVIN BAVELAS 5. Historical Roots of Contemporary Family Therapy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 IRENE GOLDENBERG AND HERBERT GOLDENBERG 6. Research on Marital and Family Therapy: Answers, Issues, and Recommendations for the Future. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 THOMAS C. TODD AND M. DUNCAN STANTON 7. Training in Marriage and Family Therapy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 117 ROBERT HENLEY WOODY AND GWEN KATHLEEN WEBER II Therapeutic Systems 8. Family Systems Theory and Therapy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 DANIEL V. PAPERO 9. Structural Family Therapy 159 JOHN B. ROSENBERG ix x 10. Contextual Family and Marital Therapy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 187 DAVID N. ULRICH CONTENTS 11. Family Therapy as a Theory of Roles and Values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 213 CHARLES P. BARNARD 12. Family Group Therapy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 231 JOHN ELDERKIN BELL 13. Behavioral Marital Therapy 247 GA YLA MARGOLIN 14. NetworkTherapy .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 277 JODIE KLIMAN AND DAVID W. TRIMBLE 15. Multiple Family Group Therapy: A Model for All Families. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 315 PAULA HOLLINS GRITZER AND HELEN S. OKUN 16. Co-therapy with Families. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 343 DAVID V. KEITH AND CARL A. WHITAKER III Special Problems and Issues 17. Therapy with Minority Families. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 359 JO-ANN M. RIVERA AND JANDYRA VELAZQUEZ 18. Special Treatment Problems with the One-Parent Family. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 377 HARL H. YOUNG AND BONNIE M. RUTH 19. Treating Stepfamilies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 387 LES KATZ AND SHARON STEIN 20. Sex Therapy for Couples ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 421 RUTH E. CLIFFORD AND ROBERT C. KOLODNY 21. Arbitration of Family Disputes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 451 ROBERT HENLEY WOODY 22. Community Homes as Hospital Alternatives for Youth in Crisis 459 BRYAN D. BROOK AND PAULA WALKER 23. Issues of Divorce in Family Therapy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 465 STANLEY N. COHEN AND F. NOLAN JONES Author Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 479 Subject Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 485 I Foundations