(cid:2) HandbookofDryingforDairyProducts (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) Handbook of Drying for Dairy Products EditedbyC.Anandharamakrishnan IndianInstituteofCropProcessingTechnology Thanjavur,TamilNadu India (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) Thiseditionfirstpublished2017©2017JohnWiley&SonsLtd Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,or transmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise, exceptaspermittedbylaw.Adviceonhowtoobtainpermisiontoreusematerialfromthistitleisavailableat http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. TherightofC.Anandharamakrishnantobeidentifiedastheauthoroftheeditorialmaterialinthisworkhas beenassertedinaccordancewithlaw. 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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData: Names:Anandharamakrishnan,C.,editor. Title:Handbookofdryingfordairyproducts/editedby Dr.C.Anandharamakrishnan. Description:Chichester,UK;Hoboken,NJ:JohnWiley&Sons,2017.| Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. Identifiers:LCCN2016047616|ISBN9781118930496(cloth)|ISBN9781118930502 (epub) Subjects:LCSH:Dairyproducts–Drying. Classification:LCCSF250.5.H362017|DDC637–dc23LCrecordavailableat https://lccn.loc.gov/2016047616 Coverimage:Atropat/Gettyimages Coverdesign:Wiley Setin10/12ptWarnockbySPiGlobal,Chennai,India 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 (cid:2) (cid:2) v Contents Contributors xiii Abouttheeditor xv Preface xvii Acknowledgments xix 1 IntroductiontoDrying 1 C.Anandharamakrishnan 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Fundamentalprinciplesofdrying:theconceptofsimultaneousheatandmass transfer 2 (cid:2) 1.2.1 Heattransferduringthedryingprocess 2 (cid:2) 1.2.1.1 Conductiondrying 3 1.2.1.2 Convectiondrying 4 1.2.1.3 Radiationanddielectricdrying 5 1.2.2 Masstransferduringthedryingprocess 6 1.2.2.1 Diffusionmechanism 7 1.2.2.2 Capillarymechanism 8 1.3 Thedryingcurve 9 1.4 Stagesofdrying 9 1.4.1 Constantrateperiod 10 1.4.2 Fallingrateperiod 11 1.5 Techniquesforthedryingofdairyproducts 12 1.6 Conclusion 13 References 13 2 DriedDairyProductsandtheirTrendsintheGlobalMarket 15 Aadinath,T.Ghosh,P.H.AmaladhasandC.Anandharamakrishnan 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Milkpowdersanddriedmilkproducts 16 2.2.1 Primarydairypowders 16 2.2.2 Secondarydairypowders 16 2.3 Worldmarketdynamics 18 2.3.1 Production 18 2.3.1.1 Oceania 18 2.3.1.2 India 20 (cid:2) (cid:2) vi Contents 2.3.1.3 EuropeanUnion 20 2.3.1.4 Argentina 20 2.3.2 Consumption 20 2.3.2.1 Algeria 20 2.3.2.2 Indonesia 21 2.3.2.3 China 21 2.3.2.4 Mexico 21 References 21 3 TechniquesforthePreconcentrationofMilk 23 I.Roy,A.BhushaniandC.Anandharamakrishnan 3.1 Introduction 23 3.2 Needforpreconcentration 23 3.2.1 Skimmilk 24 3.2.2 Wheypowdersandinfantformula 24 3.3 Concentrationmethods 25 3.4 Thermalmethods 25 3.4.1 Evaporation 25 3.4.1.1 Single-effectrecirculationevaporator 25 3.4.1.2 Multiple-effectevaporator 26 3.4.1.3 Falling-filmevaporator 27 3.4.1.4 Plateevaporator 28 (cid:2) 3.4.1.5 Horizontaltubeevaporator 30 (cid:2) 3.4.1.6 Mechanicalfilmevaporator 30 3.4.1.7 Low-temperatureevaporator 30 3.5 Non-thermalmethods 30 3.5.1 Freezeconcentration 30 3.5.2 Membraneseparationtechniques 32 3.5.2.1 Microfiltration 34 3.5.2.2 Ultrafiltration 35 3.5.2.3 Reverseosmosis 37 3.6 Conclusion 37 References 37 4 DrumDrying 43 P.Karthik,N.ChhanwalandC.Anandharamakrishnan 4.1 Introduction 43 4.2 Drum-dryingprocess 44 4.2.1 Effectofoperatingparametersonproductqualityandthecapacityofthe drumdryer 45 4.3 Typesofdrumdryers 46 4.3.1 Single-drumdryers 46 4.3.2 Double-drumdryers 47 4.3.3 Twin-drumdryers 47 4.3.4 Vacuum-drumdryers 48 4.3.5 Enclosed-drumdryers 49 4.4 Classificationofthefeedingmethod 49 4.4.1 Single-andmultiple-rollfeed 49 (cid:2) (cid:2) Contents vii 4.4.2 Nipfeed 49 4.4.3 Dipfeed 49 4.4.4 Sprayfeed 49 4.4.5 Splashfeed 50 4.5 Operatingparameters 51 4.5.1 Importantoperationalconditionsinthedrumdryingofmilk 52 4.6 Advantagesanddisadvantagesofdrum/rollerdrying 54 4.7 Conclusion 54 References 55 5 SprayDrying 57 S.PadmaIshwaryaandC.Anandharamakrishnan 5.1 Introduction 57 5.2 Spraydrying:principleofoperation 57 5.2.1 Atomization 59 5.2.1.1 Rotaryatomizers 60 5.2.1.2 Pressurenozzleatomizers 62 5.2.1.3 Twin-fluidatomizers 62 5.2.1.4 Monodispersedropletgenerators 63 5.2.2 Droplet–dryingairinteractionandmoistureevaporation 65 5.2.3 Particleseparation 72 5.3 Characteristicsofspray-drieddairypowders 74 (cid:2) 5.3.1 Rehydration 74 (cid:2) 5.3.2 Particlesizeandshapeparameters 75 5.4 Handlingspray-dryingprocessingproblems 77 5.4.1 Stickiness 77 5.4.2 Thermaldenaturationofproteins 79 5.5 Applicationsofspraydryingfortheproductionofdriedmilkandmilk products 79 5.6 Conclusion 84 References 88 6 FreezeDrying 95 A.BhushaniandC.Anandharamakrishnan 6.1 Introduction 95 6.2 Stepsinfreezedrying 95 6.2.1 Freezing 96 6.2.2 Primaryorsublimationdrying 99 6.2.3 Secondaryordesorptiondrying 100 6.3 Meritsoffreezedryingoverotherdryingtechniques 100 6.4 Heatandmasstransferinfreezedrying 101 6.5 Freeze-dryingequipment 103 6.6 Propertiesinfluencingthefreezedryingofdairyproducts 106 6.6.1 Milk 106 6.6.2 Lactose 109 6.7 Preservationofkefirculturebyfreezedrying 111 6.8 Microencapsulationofprobioticsbyfreezedrying 112 6.8.1 Probiotics 112 (cid:2) (cid:2) viii Contents 6.8.2 Needformicroencapsulation 113 6.8.3 Cellviabilityissuesassociatedwithfreezedrying 113 6.8.4 Characteristicsofmicroencapsulatedprobioticcells 114 6.9 Conclusion 115 References 117 7 SprayFreezeDrying 123 S.PadmaIshwarya,C.AnandharamakrishnanandA.G.F.Stapley 7.1 Introduction 123 7.2 SFDprocess 124 7.2.1 Atomization 125 7.2.2 Freezing 126 7.2.2.1 Sprayfreezingintovapour 127 7.2.2.2 Sprayfreezingintovapouroverliquid 127 7.2.2.3 Sprayfreezingintoliquid 129 7.2.3 Freezedrying 130 7.2.3.1 Vacuumfreezedrying 130 7.2.3.2 AtmosphericSFDandatmosphericsprayfluidized-bedfreezedrying 131 7.2.3.3 Sub-atmosphericpressureSFD 132 7.3 ApplicationsofSFDindrieddairyproducts 132 7.3.1 SFDofwholemilkandskimmilk 133 7.3.2 SFDofwheyprotein 135 (cid:2) 7.3.3 SFDformicroencapsulationofprobiotics 140 (cid:2) 7.4 AdvantagesandlimitationsofSFD 144 7.5 Conclusion 144 References 144 8 OptimizationofDairyProductDryingProcesses 149 S.ParthasarathiandC.Anandharamakrishnan 8.1 Introduction 149 8.2 Experimentaldesigntoolsforprocessoptimization 149 8.2.1 Responsesurfacemethodology 149 8.2.1.1 AdvantagesofRSM 151 8.2.1.2 LimitationsofRSM 151 8.2.2 Artificialneuralnetworks 151 8.2.2.1 Feed-forwardneuralnetwork 152 8.2.2.2 LearningprocessofanANN 153 8.2.2.3 Optimizationofprocessparameters 154 8.2.3 Finiteelementandfinitevolumemethods 154 8.2.3.1 Finiteelementmethod 155 8.2.3.2 Finitevolumemethod 155 8.3 Dryingprocessvariablesandtheirinfluenceonprocessandproduct quality 156 8.3.1 Drumdrying 157 8.3.1.1 Heatandmasstransfer 157 8.3.2 Spraydrying 158 8.3.2.1 Exergyefficiency 160 (cid:2)