Health Care Issues, Costs and Access Series H D C : ANDBOOK OF ENTAL ARE D , P IAGNOSTIC REVENTIVE AND R S ESTORATIVE ERVICES No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein. This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services. HEALTH CARE ISSUES, COSTS AND ACCESS SERIES The Health Care Financial Crisis: Handbook of Stress and Burnout in Strategies for Overcoming an Health Care “Unholy Trinity" Jonathon R.B. Halbesleben (Editor) Cal Clark and Rene McEldowney 2008. ISBN 978-1-60456-500-3 (Editors) 2001. ISBN 1-56072-924-4 Health Care Costs: Outlook and Options Health Care Crisis in America Raymond W. Inhurst (Editor) James B. Prince (Editor) 2009. ISBN 978-1-60692-151-7 2006. ISBN 1-59454-698-4 Medicare Payment Policies to A New Epidemic: Harm in Health Physicians Care-How to make Rational Decisions Katherine V. Bergen (Editor) about Medical and Surgical 2009. ISBN 978-1-60692-131-4 Treatment Aage R. Moller Comparative Effectiveness of Medical 2007. ISBN 1-60021-884-9 Treatments Peter Villa and Sophia Brun Decision Making in Medicine and 2009 ISBN: 978-1-60741-109-3 Health Care Partricia C. Tolana (Editor) Health Care Costs: Causes, Effects and 2008. ISBN 1-60021-870-9 Control Bernice R. Hofmann (Editor) Social Sciences in Health Care and 2009. ISBN 978-1-60456-976-6 Medicine A Guide to Public Health Research Janet B. Garner and Thelma C. Needs Christiansen (Editor) Raymond I. Turner (Editor) 2008. ISBN 978-1-60456-286-6 2009. ISBN 978-1-60692-852-3 Health Care Policies Handbook of Dental Care: Diagnostic, Linda A. Bartlette and Ida F. Lawson Preventive and Restorative Services (Editor) Jose C. Taggart (Editor) 2008. ISBN 978-1-60456-352-8 2009. ISBN 978-1-60741-281-6 Health Care Issues, Costs and Access Series H D C : ANDBOOK OF ENTAL ARE D , P IAGNOSTIC REVENTIVE AND RESTORATIVE SERVICES JOSE C. TAGGART EDITOR Nova Biomedical Books New York Copyright © 2009 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher. For permission to use material from this book please contact us: Telephone 631-231-7269; Fax 631-231-8175 Web Site: http://www.novapublishers.com NOTICE TO THE READER The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained in this book. The Publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material. Any parts of this book based on government reports are so indicated and copyright is claimed for those parts to the extent applicable to compilations of such works. Independent verification should be sought for any data, advice or recommendations contained in this book. In addition, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from any methods, products, instructions, ideas or otherwise contained in this publication. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered herein. It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services. If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought. FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Handbook of dental care : diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services / [edited by] Jose C. Taggart. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-61668-982-7 (E-Book) 1. Dentistry--Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Taggart, Jose C. [DNLM: 1. Dental Care--methods. 2. Cross Infection--prevention & control. 3. Oral Surgical Procedures--methods. 4. Stomatognathic Diseases--diagnosis. WU 29 H236 2009] RK56.H36 2009 617.6--dc22 2009013517 Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. (cid:212) New York Contents Preface vii Chapter 1 Psychological Perspectives on Oral Health Behaviours 1 A. L. Dumitrescu, L. Zetu and Silvia Teslaru Chapter 2 The Oral Preventive and Care Measures for Head and Neck Cancer 35 Sirikarn Sutthavong and Pornchai Jansisyanont Chapter 3 Advances in Paediatric Restorative Dentistry 91 Giuseppe Pizzo, Daniela Lo Re, Ignazio Pizzo and Giovanna Giuliana Chapter 4 Evidence-Based Decision Making - Implications for Dental Care 117 Francesco Chiappelli, Olivia S. Cajulis, Oluwadayo Oluwadara and Manisha Harish Ramchandani Chapter 5 Traumatic Dental Injuries: Preventive and Public Health Approaches 147 Giuseppe Pizzo, Maria E. Licata and Giovanna Giuliana Chapter 6 Professional Exposure to Infectious Pathogens in the Dental and Stomatological Environment 163 Roberto Manfredi Chapter 7 Cross Infection Risk in Dental Practice: Evaluation of Environmental Contamination and Personnel Knowledge and Behavior in Italian Public Dental Practices 183 Giorgio Liguori, Christian Napoli, Paolo Castiglia, Francesca Gallé, Maria Teresa Montagna, Cesira Pasquarella and SItI Working Group “Hygiene in Dentistry” vi Contents Chapter 8 Treating Children with Cleft Lip and Palate: Special Needs and Attention Required During Dental Care 199 Gisele da Silva Dalben, Beatriz Costa, Cleide Felício de Carvalho Carrara, Lucimara Teixeira das Neves and Marcia Ribeiro Gomide Chapter 9 The Use of Artificial Intelligence for Diagnosis and Treatment Planning in Orofacial Disharmonies 267 Hassan Noroozi and Mani Hamzian Chapter 10 Down Syndrome: Need for Jaw Stabilization to Prevent Dysphagia 281 Marie-Noëlle Mazille, Emmanuel Nicolas, Jean-Luc Veyrune, Valérie Roger-Leroi and Martine Hennequin Chapter 11 Computer-Aided Oral Implant Surgery 295 Gerlig Widmann Chapter 12 A Computer-Aided Oral Implantology System in the Placement of Zygoma Implants for Maxillary Reconstruction 333 Chen Xiaojun Chapter 13 Considerations in Dental Care in Implant-Treated Patients 347 Jun-Beom Park Chapter 14 Principal Mycoses of the Oral Cavity 357 M. T. Montagna, R. Iatta, C. Napoli, F. Gallè and G. Liguori Chapter 15 Prevention of Aspiration Pneumonia in the Elderly by Reducing Oropharyngeal Microflora 371 Akira Ishikawa, Yoichiro Miyake, Takeyoshi Yoneyama and Kokichi Miyatake Chapter 16 Patient Autonomy and the Doctor-Patient Relationship in Dentistry: A Review of Research 387 Stephen M. Auerbach Short Communication A The Importance of Pre-Extraction Radiographs 401 L. M. Sykes and R. F. Tadi B A Simple Method to Ensure Sufficient Occlusal Reduction in Fixed Prosthodontics 407 L. M. Sykes and T. C. N. Buleni Index 413 Preface This book focuses on new research in dentistry practices. Dentistry is the known evaluation, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases, disorders and conditions of the oral cavity, maxillofacial area and the adjacent and associated structures and their impact on the human body. Dentistry is widely considered necessary for complete oral health. It usually encompasses a number of very important practices related to the oral cavity. The most common being dental surgery on the teeth as a treatment for dental cavities. Oral and maxillofacial surgery is also a common surgery to correct a wide spectrum of diseases, injuries and defects in the head, neck, face, jaws and the hard and soft tissues of the oral and maxillofacial region. Many oral diseases and abnormalities can indicate systemic, neural, or other diseases. Research on these and other issues related to dental care are discussed in this new book. Chapter 1 - Psychological science has new opportunities to have major input into the understanding of oral health behaviour. This article provides an overview of advances in understanding the personality characteristics that predispose the development of certain patterns of behaviour: type A behavior pattern, perceived stress, emotional intelligence, aggression, impulsivity, sensation seeking, instability of self-esteem, affective lability, social inhibition, mood, worry, positive and negative affect, social desirability, social intelligence, self-consciousness, anger, self-control, self-confidence, self-competence, self-liking, body investment, body appreciation, perfectionism, sense of hopelessness, worry, type C coping, resilience, hope, self-criticism, narcissism, achievement motives, satisfaction with life and happiness, hardiness, self-concept, self-regulation, proactive coping and attitude, social physique anxiety, shyness, sociability and social comparison. It suggests that it is now time to develop conceptual models that integrate our understanding of separate psychosocial predictors, to explain what oral health behaviour is initiated and how it is maintained or changed. Chapter 2 - Oral assessment and care are essential prior to cancer treatments in order to decrease both incidence and severity of oral complications. Appropriate interventions have to be performed before the beginning of cancer treatments and/or during the treatment period. It is necessary to regularly perform the oral preventive and care measures by including appropriate counseling to the patients, so they are able to take care of themselves up to the viii Jose C. Taggart desired outcome as well as the periodically follow up after the treatments of cancer. This review focuses on the oral preventive and care measures for head and neck cancers. Chapter 3 - Dental caries has been a highly prevalent and costly disease in the world, representing the most common infectious disease in the paediatric population. Caries lesions are also increasingly isolated in specific teeth and tooth morphology types, and there is growing controversy about the most appropriate restorative material for these lesions in deciduous teeth. In fact, restorative materials continuously improved in durability, strength, aesthetics, and anti-cariogenic properties. Moreover, the increasing demand for aesthetic restorative treatment has totally transformed the practice of paediatric dentistry in the last decade. Traditionally, the use of amalgam was a standard procedure in the restoration of carious primary teeth. Because of the introduction of adhesive restorative materials, the treatment of proximal caries has changed. The principal advantage of these new materials is that they require less retention form and this is particularly important in primary teeth to conserve the relatively thin enamel that could help prevent subsequent carious invasion of dentin. When planning dental treatment for paediatric patients, each subject and restorative material to be used should be evaluated on an individual basis, in order to provide appropriate care within each material's limitations. This chapter reviews the evolution of restorative materials used in paediatric dentistry, from the amalgam to bonding materials. The current trends and future directions in material research are also discussed. The chemical composition and the physico-chemical properties of the following materials are reported: Amalgam; Stainless steel crown restorations; Pit and fissure sealants; Dentin/enamel adhesives (from the first to the seventh generation); Glass-ionomer cements; Resin-based composites; Compomers. In order to assist the practitioner in the restorative dental care of children and adolescents, the clinical use and the cost-effectiveness of the various materials currently used in paediatric restorative dentistry are also discussed, with a special focus on the dentin/enamel adhesives. Chapter 4 - Restorative and prosthodontic dental care refer respectively to fixing or to replacing teeth. Whether the dentist intervenes to fill cavities, produce crown or fixed bridges, or engages in the extraction of the affected dental structures and the replacement with some kind of prosthetic device, such as dentures or implants, was largely dependent, until recently in the traditional model of dental care, on sound diagnostic principles, expressed patient needs and wants, and the dentist’s expertise. The novel model of dental care that has become increasingly established in the first few years of this new Century is one that strives to complement the former model by a strong reliance on the consensus obtained from all of the best available evidence. By being grounded on systematic reviews and meta- analyses of the entire body of evidence for any clinical case encountered, dental care now evolves and establishes itself as an evidence-based clinical science par excellence. This chapter reviews and discusses the fundamental elements of evidence-based decision-making in dental care. It contrasts the implications and applications of evidence- based dental care for restorative and prosthodontic services, by presenting specific clinical examples for special target populations (e.g., tooth decay in the elderly). It concludes with a set of practical suggestions for dentists seeking to be at à l’avant garde of this movement,