Handbook of Criminal Justice Administration PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLICPO LICY A Comprehensive Publication Program Executive Editor JACK RABIN Professor of Public Administration and Public Policy School of Public Affairs The Capital College The Pennsylvania State University-Harrisburg Middletown, Pennsylvania Public Administration as a Developing Disc@line (in two parts), Robert T. Golembiewski 2. Comparative National Policies on Health Care, Milton I. Roemer, M.D. 3. Exclusionary Injustice: The Problem of Illegally Obtained Evidence, Steven R. Schlesinger 4. Personnel Management in Government: Politics and Process, Jay M. Shafritz, Walter L. Balk, Albert C. Hyde, and David H. Rosenbloom 5. Organization Development in Public Administration (in two parts), edited by Robert T. Golembiewski and William B. Eddy 6. Public Administration: A Comparative Perspective, Second Edition, Re- vised and Expanded, Ferrel Heady 7. Approaches to Planned Change (in two parts), Robert T. Golembiewski 8. Program Evaluation at HEW (in three parts), edited by James G. Abert 9. The States and theM etropolis, Patricia S. Florestano and Vincent L. Marando 10. Personnel Management in Government: Politics and Process,. Second Edi- tion, Revised and Expanded, Jay M. Shafritz, Albert C. Hyde, and David H . Rosenb loom 11. Changing Bureaucracies: Understanding the Organization Before Selecting the Approach, William A. Medina 12. Handbook on Public Budgeting and financialM anagement, editedb y Jack Rabin and Thomas D. Lynch 13. Encyclopedia of Policy Studies, edited by StuartS . Nagel 14. Public Administration and Law: Bench v. Bureau int heU nitedS tates, David H. Rosenbloom 15. Handbook on Public Personnel Administration and Labor Relations, edited by Jack Rabin, Thomas Vocino, W. Bartley Hildreth, and Gerald J. Miller 16. Public Budgeting and finance: Behavioral, Theoretical, and Technical Per- spectives, Third Edition, editedb y Robert TG. olembiewskai nd Jack Rabin 17. Organizational Behavior and Public Management, Debra W. Stewart and G. David Garson 1 8. The Politics of Terrorism: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Michael Stohl 19. Handbook of Organization Management, edited by William B. Eddy 20. Organization Theory and Management, edited by Thomas D. Lynch 21 . Labor Relations in the Public Sector, Richard C. Kearney 22. Politics and Administration:W oodrowW ilson and American Public Ad- ministration, edited by Jack Rabin and James s. Bowman 23. Making and Managing Policy: Formulation, Analysis, Evaluation, edited by G. Ronald Gilbert 24. Public Administration: A Comparative Perspective, Third Edition, Revised, Ferrel Heady 25. Decision Making in the Public Sector, edited by Lloyd G. Nigro 26. Managing Administration, editedb y Jack Rabin, Samuel Humes, and Brian S. Morgan 27. Public Personnel Update, edited by Michael Cohen and Robert T. Golem- biewski 28. State and Local Government Administration, edited byJ ack Rabin and Don Dodd 29. Public Administration: A Bibliographic Guide to the Literature, Howard E. McCurdy 30. Personnel ManagemeninGt overnmentP: olitics anPd rocess, Third Edition,R eviseda ndE xpanded, JayM . Shafritz, Albert C. Hyde, and David H. Rosenbloom 31. Handbook of Information Resource Management, editedb yJ ack Rabin and Edward M. Jackowski 32. Public Administration in Developed Democracies: A Comparative Study, edited by Donald C. Rowat 33. The Politics of Terrorism: Third Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Michael Stohl 34. Handbook on Human Services Administration, edited by Jack Rabin and Marcia B. Steinhauer 35. Handbook of Public Administration, edited by Jack Rabin, W. Bartley Hildreth, and Gerald J. Miller 36. Ethicsf or Bureaucrats: An Essay onL aw andV alues, SecondE dition, Revised and Expanded, John A. Rohr 37. The Guide to the Foundations of Public Administration, Daniel W. Martin 38. Handbook of StrategicM anagement, editedb y Jack Rabin, Gerald J. Miller, and W. Bartley Hildreth 39. Terrorisma n Ed mergency Management: Policy anAd dministration, William L. Waugh, Jr. 40. Organizational Behavior and Public Management: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Michael L. Vasu, Debra W. Stewart, and G. David Garson 41. Handbook of Comparative and Development Public Administration, edited by Ali Farazmand 42. Public Administration: A Comparative Perspective, Fourth Edition, Ferrel Heady 43. Government Financial Management Theory, Gerald J. Miller 44. Personnel Managemenit n G overnmentP: olitics andP rocess, Fourth Edition, Reviseda ndE xpanded, Jay M. ShafritzN, orma M. Riccucci, David H. Rosenbloom, and Albert C. Hyde 45. Public Productivity Handbook, edited by Marc Holzer 46. Handbook of Public Budgeting, edited by Jack Rabin 47. labor Relations int he Public Sector: SecondE dition,R eviseda nd Ex panded, Richard C. Kearney 48. Handbook of Organizational Consultation, edited by Robert T. Golem biewski 49. Handbook of CourtA dministration and Management, editedb y Steven W. Hays and Cole Blease Graham, Jr. 50. Handbook of Comparative Public Budgeting and Financial Management, edited by Thomas D. Lynch and Lawrence L. Martin 51 , Handbook of Organizational Behavior,e dited by Robert T. Golembiewski 52. Handbook of Administrative Ethics, edited by Terry L. Cooper 53. Encyclopedia of Policy Studies: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Stuart S. Nagel 54. Handbook of Regulation and AdministrativeL aw, editedb y David H. Rosenbloom and Richard D. Schwartz 55. Handbook of Bureaucracy, edited by Ali Farazmand 56. Handbook of Public Sector labor Relations, editedb y Jack Rabin, Thomas Vocino, W. Bartley Hildreth, and Gerald J. Miller 57. Practical Public Management, Robert T. Golembiewski 58. Handbook of PublicP ersonnel Administration, edited by Jack Rabin, Thomas Vocino, W. Bartley Hildreth, and Gerald J. Miller 59. Public Administration:A C omparative Perspective, FifthE dition, Ferrel Heady 60. Handbook of Debt Management, edited by Gerald J. Miller 61. Public Administration and Law: Second Edition, David H. Rosenbloom and Rosemary O'Leary 62. Handbook of Local Government Administration, edited by John J. Gargan 63. Handbook of Administrative Communication, edited by James L. Garnett and Alexander Kouzmin 64. Public Budgeting andF inance: FourthE dition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Robert T. Golembiewski and Jack Rabin 65. Handbook of Public Administration: Second Edition, editedb y Jack Rabin, W. Bartley Hildreth, and Gerald J. Miller 66. Handbook of Organization Theorya nd Management: The Philosophical Approach, edited by Thomas D. Lynch and Todd J. Dicker 67. Handbook of PublicF inance, editedb y Fred Thompson and Mark T. Green 68. Organizational Behaviora ndP ublic Management: Third Edition, Revised and Expanded, Michael L. Vasu, Debra W. Stewart, and G. David Garson 69. Handbook of Economic Development, edited by Kuotsai Tom Liou 70. Handbook of Health Administration and Policy, edited by Anne Osborne Kilpatrick and James A. Johnson 71 . Handbook of Research Methodsi n Public Administration, editedb y Gerald J. Miller and Marcia L. Whicker 72. Handbook on Taxation, edited by W. Bartley Hildreth and James A. Richardson 73. Handbook of Comparative Public Administration in the Asia-Pacific Basin, edited by Hoi-kwok Wong and Hon S. Chan 74. Handbook of Global Environmental Policy and Administration, edited by Dennis L. Soden and Brent S. Steel 75. Handbook of State Government Administration, edited by John J. Gargan 76. Handbook of Global Legal Policy, edited by Stuart S. Nagel 77. Handbook of Public Information Systems, edited by G. David Garson 78. Handbook of Global Economic Policy, edited by Stuart S. Nagel 79. Handbook of Strategic ManagemenSt :e conEd d itionR , evisead n d Expanded, edited by Jack Rabin, Gerald J. Miller, and W. Bartley Hildreth 80. Handbook of Global International Policy, edited by Stuart S. Nagel 81. Handbook of Organizational Consultation: SecondE dition,R eviseda nd Expanded, edited by Robert T. Golembiewski 82. Handbook of Global Political Policy, edited by Stuart S. Nagel 83. Handbook of Global Technology Policy, edited by Stuart S. Nagel 14dditional Vohmes in Preparation Handbook of Global Social Policy,e dited by Stuart S. Nagel andA my Robb Handbook of OrganizationalB ehavior:S econdE dition,R eviseda nd Ex- panded, edited by Robert T. Golembiewski Handbook of Administrative Ethics: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Terry L. Cooper Handbook of Public Quality Management, edited by Ronald J Stupak and Peter M. Leitner Handbook of CriminaJ l usticeA dministration, edited by Ton1 DuPont- Morales, Michael K. Hooper, and Judy H. Schmldt LaborR elations in theP ublicS ector:T hirdE dition, edited by Richard C Kearney Handbook of Crisis and Emergency Managemenet, dited by Ali Farazmand Handbook of Public Management Practice and Reform, edited by Kuotsai Tom Liou Handbook of Comparative and Development Public Administration: Second Edition, Revised and Expandede, dited by Ali Farazmand Principles and Practiceso f Public Administration[ on-line text], edited by Jack Rabin, Robert Munzenrider, and Sherrie Bartell """" . "".".. Public Administration: A ComparativeP erspective, Sixth Edition, Revised and Expanded, Ferrel Heady ANNALS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 1 . Public Administration: History and Theory in Contemporary Perspective, edited by Joseph A. Uveges, Jr. 2. Public Administration Education in Transition, edited by Thomas Vocino and Richard Heimovics 3. Centenary Issues of the Pendleton Act of 1883, edited by David H. Ro- senbloom with the assistance of Mark A. Emmert 4. Intergovernmental Relations in the 1988~ed~it ed by Richard H. Leach 5. Criminal Justice Administration: Linking Practice and Research, edited by William A. Jones, Jr. Handbook of Criminal Justice Administration edited by M. A. DuPontdMorales Michael K. Hooper Judy H. Schmidt Penn State University-Harrisburg Middleto wn,P ennsylvania MARCEL MARCEL DEKKEINRC,. NEWY ORK BASEL DEKKER ISBN: 0-8247-0418-5 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Headquarters Marcel Dekker, Inc. 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 tel: 212-696-9000; fax: 212-685-4540 Eastern Hemisphere Distribution Marcel Dekker AG Hutgasse 4, Postfach 812, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland tel: 41-61-261-8482; fax: 41-61-261-8896 World Wide Web http://www.dekker.com The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk quantities. For more information, write to Special Sales/Professional Marketing at the headquarters address above. Copyright 0 2001 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Current printing (last digit): 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Preface The enforcement of laws and the numerous tasks involved in establishing and maintaining civility in our communities are daily challenges to the criminal jus- tice system. The administration of justice has become a series of competing man- dates that demand bravery, accountability, and service. The administration and management of the criminal justice system have grown more complex for law enforcement, courts, corrections, and victim services. The purpose of this volume is to review the historical foundation for the current agenda and develop a strategy for the future of criminal justice administra- tion. Criminal justice now answers to local and global decrees regarding safety and professional service. Along with these societal demands, the administration of justice is mandated to be efficient, effective, and ethical. Research and aca- demia have embraced a collaborative spirit because technology and scientific advancements have developed explanations for patterns of criminal behavior. Ironically, as the system advances so does the criminal element, and formulation of strategies to address this reality is a constant challenge. Criminal justice administration requires versatility to address the situational dimensions between criminals and those they victimize. This volume is edited to address the numerous perspectives that make up criminal justice administration: prevention, intervention. due process, marginalized populations, international consequences, and the demand for professionalism. Part I contains foundational pieces and is appropriately titled Global and Comparative Perspectives. The quintessential topic of ethics is examined within the context of the criminal justice system's three principal components; police, courts, and corrections. Trends in crime are examined, as are historical explanations iii