Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics HSK 41.2 Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikations- wissenschaft Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science Manuels de linguistique et des sciences de communication Mitbegründet von Gerold Ungeheuer Mitherausgegeben (1985−2001) von Hugo Steger Herausgegeben von / Edited by / Edités par Herbert Ernst Wiegand Band 41.2 De Gruyter Mouton Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics Edited by Jared Klein Brian Joseph Matthias Fritz In cooperation with Mark Wenthe De Gruyter Mouton ISBN978-3-11-052161-0 e-ISBN(PDF)978-3-11-052387-4 e-ISBN(EPUB)978-3-11-052175-7 ISSN1861-5090 LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData ACIPcatalogrecordforthisbookhasbeenappliedforattheLibraryofCongress. BibliographicinformationpublishedbytheDeutscheNationalbibliothek TheDeutscheNationalbibliothekliststhispublicationintheDeutscheNationalbibliografie; detailedbibliographicdataareavailableontheInternetathttp://dnb.dnb.de. ©2017WalterdeGruyterGmbH,Berlin/Boston Typesetting:MetaSystemsPublishing&PrintservicesGmbH,Wustermark Printingandbinding:Hubert&Co.GmbH&Co.KG,Göttingen Coverdesign:MartinZech,Bremen (cid:2)(cid:2)Printedonacid-freepaper PrintedinGermany www.degruyter.com Contents Volume 2 VIII. Italic 46. The documentation of Italic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733 47. The phonology of Italic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743 48. The morphology of Italic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751 49. The syntax of Italic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804 50. The lexicon of Italic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828 51. The dialectology of Italic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835 52. The evolution of Italic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858 IX. Germanic 53. The documentation of Germanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 875 54. The phonology of Germanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 888 55. The morphology of Germanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913 56. The syntax of Germanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 954 57. The lexicon of Germanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 974 58. The dialectology of Germanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 986 59. The evolution of Germanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1002 X. Armenian 60. The documentation of Armenian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1028 61. The phonology of Classical Armenian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1037 62. The morphology of Armenian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1080 63. The syntax of Classical Armenian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1097 64. The lexicon of Armenian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1115 65. The dialectology of Armenian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1132 66. The evolution of Armenian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1146 XI. Celtic 67. The documentation of Celtic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1168 68. The phonology of Celtic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1188 69. The morphology of Celtic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1203 70. The syntax of Celtic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1218 71. The lexicon of Celtic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1250 72. The dialectology of Celtic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1264 73. The evolution of Celtic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1274 vi Contents XII. Tocharian 74. The documentation of Tocharian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1298 75. The phonology of Tocharian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1304 76. The morphology of Tocharian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1335 77. The syntax of Tocharian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1352 78. The lexicon of Tocharian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1365 79. The dialectology of Tocharian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1389 Volume 1 Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v I. General and methodological issues 1. Comparison and relationship of languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2. Language contact and Indo-European linguistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3. Methods in reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4. The sources for Indo-European reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 5. The writing systems of Indo-European . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 6. Indo-European dialectology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 7. The culture of the speakers of Proto-Indo-European . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 8. The homeland of the speakers of Proto-Indo-European . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 II. The application of the comparative method in selected language groups other than Indo-European 9. The comparative method in Semitic linguistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 10. The comparative method in Uralic linguistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 11. The comparative method in Caucasian linguistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 12. The comparative method in African linguistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 13. The comparative method in Austronesian linguistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 14. The comparative method in Australian linguistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 III. Historical perspectives on Indo-European linguistics 15. Intuition, exploration, and assertion of the Indo-European language relationship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 16. Indo-European linguistics in the 19th and 20th centuries: beginnings, establishment, remodeling, refinement, and extension(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 17. Encyclopedic works on Indo-European linguistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 18. The impact of Hittite and Tocharian: Rethinking Indo-European in the 20th century and beyond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Contents vii IV. Anatolian 19. The documentation of Anatolian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 20. The phonology of Anatolian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 21. The morphology of Anatolian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 22. The syntax of Anatolian: The simple sentence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 23. The lexicon of Anatolian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 24. The dialectology of Anatolian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 V. Indic 25. The documentation of Indic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 26. The phonology of Indic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 27. The morphology of Indic (old Indo-Aryan) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 28. The syntax of Indic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 29. The lexicon of Indic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 30. The dialectology of Indic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 31. The evolution of Indic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 VI. Iranian 32. The documentation of Iranian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471 33. The phonology of Iranian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 34. The morphology of Iranian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 35. The syntax of Iranian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549 36. The lexicon of Iranian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566 37. The dialectology of Iranian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599 38. The evolution of Iranian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608 VII. Greek 39. The documentation of Greek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625 40. The phonology of Greek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638 41. The morphology of Greek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654 42. The syntax of Greek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682 43. The lexicon of Greek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695 44. The dialectology of Greek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710 45. The evolution of Greek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717 viii Contents Volume 3 XIII. Slavic 80. The documentation of Slavic 81. The phonology of Slavic 82. The morphology of Slavic 83. The syntax of Slavic 84. The lexicon of Slavic 85. The dialectology of Slavic 86. The evolution of Slavic XIV. Baltic 87. The documentation of Baltic 88. The phonology of Baltic 89. The morphology of Baltic 90. The syntax of Baltic 91. The lexicon of Baltic 92. The dialectology of Baltic 93. The evolution of Baltic XV. Albanian 94. The documentation of Albanian 95. The phonology of Albanian 96. The morphology of Albanian 97. The syntax of Albanian 98. The lexicon of Albanian 99. The dialectology of Albanian 100. The evolution of Albanian XVI. Languages of fragmentary attestation 101. Phrygian 102. Venetic 103. Messapic 104. Thracian 105. Siculian 106. Lusitanian 107. Macedonian 108. Illyrian 109. Pelasgian Contents ix XVII. Indo-Iranian 110. The phonology of Indo-Iranian 111. The morphology of Indo-Iranian 112. The syntax of Indo-Iranian 113. The lexicon of Indo-Iranian XVIII. Balto-Slavic 114. Balto-Slavic 115. The phonology of Balto-Slavic 116. The morphology of Balto-Slavic 117. The syntax of Balto-Slavic 118. The lexicon of Balto-Slavic XIX. Wider configurations and contacts 119. The shared features of Italic and Celtic 120. Graeco-Anatolian contacts in the Mycenaean Period XX. Proto-Indo-European 121. The phonology of Proto-Indo-European 122. The morphology of Proto-Indo-European 123. The syntax of Proto-Indo-European 124. The lexicon of Proto-Indo-European XXI. Beyond Proto-Indo-European 125. More remote relationships of Proto-Indo-European