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Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics HSK 41.3 Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikations- wissenschaft Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science Manuels de linguistique et des sciences de communication Mitbegründet von Gerold Ungeheuer Mitherausgegeben (1985−2001) von Hugo Steger Herausgegeben von / Edited by / Edités par Herbert Ernst Wiegand Band 41.3 De Gruyter Mouton Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics Edited by Jared Klein Brian Joseph Matthias Fritz In cooperation with Mark Wenthe De Gruyter Mouton ISBN978-3-11-054036-9 e-ISBN(PDF)978-3-11-054243-1 e-ISBN(EPUB)978-3-11-054052-9 ISSN1861-5090 LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:Klein,JaredS.,editor.|Joseph,BrianD.,editor.|Fritz,Matthias,editor. Title:HandbookofcomparativeandhistoricalIndo-Europeanlinguistics:aninternationalhand- book/editedbyJaredKlein,BrianJoseph,MatthiasFritz;incooperationwithMarkWenthe. Description:Berlin;Boston:DeGruyterMouton,2017-|Series:HandbücherzurSprach-und Kommunikationswissenschaft=Handbooksoflinguisticsandcommunicationscience,ISSN 1861-5090;Band41.1-|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. Identifiers:LCCN2017042351|ISBN9783110186147(volume1:hardcover)|ISBN 9783110261288(volume1:pdf)|ISBN9783110393248(volume1:epub)|ISBN 9783110521610(volume2:hardcover)|ISBN9783110523874(volume2:pdf)|ISBN 9783110521757(volume2:epub)|ISBN9783110540369(volume3:hardcover)|ISBN 9783110542431(volume3:pdf)|ISBN9783110540529(volume3:epub) Subjects:LCSH:Indo-Europeanlanguages--Grammar,Comparative.|Indo-Europeanlanguages-- Grammar,Historical.|BISAC:LANGUAGEARTS&DISCIPLINES/Linguistics/General. Classification:LCCP575.H362017|DDC410--dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2017042351 BibliographicinformationpublishedbytheDeutscheNationalbibliothek TheDeutscheNationalbibliothekliststhispublicationintheDeutscheNationalbibliografie; detailedbibliographicdataareavailableontheInternetathttp://dnb.dnb.de. ©2018WalterdeGruyterGmbH,Berlin/Boston Typesetting:MetaSystemsPublishing&PrintservicesGmbH,Wustermark Printingandbinding:CPIbooksGmbH,Leck Coverdesign:MartinZech,Bremen www.degruyter.com Contents Volume 3 XIII. Slavic 80. The documentation of Slavic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1397 81. The phonology of Slavic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1414 82. The morphology of Slavic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1538 83. The syntax of Slavic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1557 84. The lexicon of Slavic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1571 85. The dialectology of Slavic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1585 86. The evolution of Slavic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1600 XIV. Baltic 87. The documentation of Baltic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1622 88. The phonology of Baltic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1640 89. The morphology of Baltic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1651 90. The syntax of Baltic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1668 91. The lexicon of Baltic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1681 92. The dialectology of Baltic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1698 93. The evolution of Baltic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1712 XV. Albanian 94. The documentation of Albanian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1716 95. The phonology of Albanian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1732 96. The morphology of Albanian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1749 97. The syntax of Albanian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1771 98. The lexicon of Albanian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1788 99. The dialectology of Albanian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1800 100. The evolution of Albanian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1812 XVI. Languages of fragmentary attestation 101. Phrygian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1816 102. Venetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1832 103. Messapic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1839 104. Thracian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1850 105. Siculian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1854 106. Lusitanian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1857 vi Contents 107. Macedonian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1862 108. Illyrian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1867 109. Pelasgian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1873 XVII. Indo-Iranian 110. The phonology of Proto-Indo-Iranian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1875 111. The morphology of Indo-Iranian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1888 112. The syntax of Indo-Iranian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1924 113. The lexicon of Indo-Iranian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1942 XVIII. Balto-Slavic 114. Balto-Slavic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1960 115. The phonology of Balto-Slavic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1974 116. Balto-Slavic morphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1985 117. The syntax of Balto-Slavic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2000 118. The lexicon of Balto-Slavic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2012 XIX. Wider configurations and contacts 119. The shared features of Italic and Celtic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2030 120. Graeco-Anatolian contacts in the Mycenaean period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2037 XX. Proto-Indo-European 121. The phonology of Proto-Indo-European . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2056 122. The morphology of Proto-Indo-European . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2079 123. The syntax of Proto-Indo-European . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2195 124. The lexicon of Proto-Indo-European . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2229 XXI. Beyond Proto-Indo-European 125. More remote relationships of Proto-Indo-European . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2280 General index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2293 Languages and dialect index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2387 Contents vii Volume 1 Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v I. General and methodological issues 1. Comparison and relationship of languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2. Language contact and Indo-European linguistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3. Methods in reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4. The sources for Indo-European reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 5. The writing systems of Indo-European . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 6. Indo-European dialectology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 7. The culture of the speakers of Proto-Indo-European . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 8. The homeland of the speakers of Proto-Indo-European . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 II. The application of the comparative method in selected language groups other than Indo-European 9. The comparative method in Semitic linguistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 10. The comparative method in Uralic linguistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 11. The comparative method in Caucasian linguistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 12. The comparative method in African linguistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 13. The comparative method in Austronesian linguistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 14. The comparative method in Australian linguistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 III. Historical perspectives on Indo-European linguistics 15. Intuition, exploration, and assertion of the Indo-European language relationship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 16. Indo-European linguistics in the 19th and 20th centuries: beginnings, establishment, remodeling, refinement, and extension(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 17. Encyclopedic works on Indo-European linguistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 18. The impact of Hittite and Tocharian: Rethinking Indo-European in the 20th century and beyond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 IV. Anatolian 19. The documentation of Anatolian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 20. The phonology of Anatolian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 21. The morphology of Anatolian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 22. The syntax of Anatolian: The simple sentence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 23. The lexicon of Anatolian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 24. The dialectology of Anatolian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 viii Contents V. Indic 25. The documentation of Indic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 26. The phonology of Indic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 27. The morphology of Indic (old Indo-Aryan) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 28. The syntax of Indic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 29. The lexicon of Indic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 30. The dialectology of Indic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 31. The evolution of Indic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 VI. Iranian 32. The documentation of Iranian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471 33. The phonology of Iranian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 34. The morphology of Iranian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 35. The syntax of Iranian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549 36. The lexicon of Iranian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566 37. The dialectology of Iranian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599 38. The evolution of Iranian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608 VII. Greek 39. The documentation of Greek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625 40. The phonology of Greek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638 41. The morphology of Greek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654 42. The syntax of Greek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682 43. The lexicon of Greek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695 44. The dialectology of Greek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710 45. The evolution of Greek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717 Volume 2 VIII. Italic 46. The documentation of Italic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733 47. The phonology of Italic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743 48. The morphology of Italic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751 49. The syntax of Italic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804 50. The lexicon of Italic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828 51. The dialectology of Italic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835 52. The evolution of Italic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858

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