Walter Leal Filho Editor Handbook of Climate Change Resilience Handbook of Climate Change Resilience Walter Leal Filho Editor Handbook of Climate Change Resilience With563Figuresand494Tables Editor WalterLealFilho InternationalClimateChangeInformation andResearchProgramme(ICCIRP) FacultyofLifeSciences HamburgUniversityofAppliedSciences Hamburg,Germany ResearchandTransferCentreSustainableDevelopmentand ClimateChangeManagement HamburgUniversityofAppliedSciences Hamburg,Germany ISBN978-3-319-93335-1 ISBN978-3-319-93336-8(eBook) ISBN978-3-319-93337-5(printandelectronicbundle) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93336-8 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2020 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthe materialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsorthe editorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrors oromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaims inpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG. Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface AstheFifthAssessmentReport(AR5)producedbytheIntergovernmentalPanelon ClimateChange(IPCC)hasshown,climatechangeisexpectedtohavewidespread impactsonsocieties. The fact that the impacts of climate change are already being felt, not only in termsofincreasesintemperaturebutalsoinrespectofagriculture(withlowercrop yields)andtheavailabilityofwaterresources,amongothers,suggeststhatactionis urgentlyneeded,inordertoincreasetheresilienceofboththephysicalenvironment andcommunities. In particular, there is a perceived need to identify, test, and deploy appropriate processes,methods,andtoolsthatmayhelpsocietiesandnationstobetteradaptto themanyimpactsofachangingclimateandbecomemoreresilient.Thereisalsoa perceivedneedtoshowcasesuccessfulexamplesofhowthiscanbeachievedandto illustrate how the quest to pursue climate resilience may face the many social, economic,andpoliticalproblemsassociatedwithit. ItisagainstthisbackgroundthattheHandbookofClimateChangeResiliencehas beenpreparedbynumerousscientistsfromacrossallgeographicalregions,underthe auspicesoftheInternationalClimateChangeInformationandResearchProgramme (ICCRIP). This handbook is a truly interdisciplinary publication, mobilizing scholars from over 30 countries undertaking research and/or executing climate changeprojectsaroundtheworld. Thisbookfocuseson“fosteringresilienceandcapacitytoadapt,”meaningthatit servesthepurposeofshowcasingexperiencesfromresearch,fieldprojects,andbest practice in climate change adaptation across many countries, which may be useful andsuitableforreplicationofperhapsevenupscalingelsewhere. Consistentwiththeneedfor more cross-sectoral interactions among thevarious stakeholdersworkinginthefieldofclimatechangeadaptation,thisbookaimsto (i) Provide research institutions, universities, NGOs, and enterprises with an opportunity to display and present their works in the field of climate change adaptationandresilience (ii) Disseminate information, ideas, and experiences acquired in the execution of climate change adaptation projects, especially successful initiatives and good practice v vi Preface (iii) Introduce methodological approaches and experiences deriving from case studies and projects, which aim to show how climate change adaptation may beimplementedinpractice Lastbutnotleast,afurtheraimofthisbookistodocumentanddisseminatethe wealthofexperiencesonclimatechangeresilienceavailabletoday. Enjoyyourreading! August2019 WalterLealFilho Germany Acknowledgments TheeditorwouldliketothankthevaluablesupportoftheDeputyEditor,Professor DesalegnAyal,aswellasthemanymembersoftheEditorialBoard.Thankstoyour hardwork,expertise,andconstructivecriticisms,we wereable toproduce apubli- cationwiththehigheststandards. I would also thank the authors for their willingness to share their knowledge, know-how,andexperiences,aswellasthemanypeerreviewers,whohavehelpedus toensurethequalityofthemanuscripts. Finally, thanks are due to the International Climate Change Information and Research Programme (ICCIRP) at the Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Germany, for the coordination of the project and mobilization of a wide range of stakeholdersandauthorsaroundtheworld. vii Contents Volume 1 PartI ClimateChangeResilienceinTransportation,Energy, Forestry,andWater/CoastalInfrastructure ..................... 1 1 SequestratedCarbonContentinTreeSpeciesandDiurnal TemperatureInfluenceforAdaptiveClimateChange ResilienceinNigeria ................................... 3 MustaphaAdeojoIbrahim,BashirYusufAbubakar,and MohammedLawalBalarabe 2 ClimateResilienceinAfricanCoastalAreas:ScalingUp InstitutionalCapabilitiesintheNigerDeltaRegion ........... 29 ChikaOgbonna,EikeAlbrecht,CollinsUgochukwu, ChinedumNwajiuba,andRobertOnyeneke 3 LivelihoodResilienceoftheIndigenousMundaCommunity intheBangladeshSundarbansForest ..................... 51 SajalRoy 4 BuildingCommunityCapacityinFragileEnvironments:Case StudyoftheMaraSerengetiEcosystem .................... 73 RebekahKarimi,AlbanusMutiso,andLippaWood 5 BuildingResilienceofUrbanEcosystemsandCommunitiesto Sea-LevelRise:JamaicaBay,NewYorkCity ................ 95 A.SaleemKhan,KyttMacManus,JaneMills, MalgosiaMadajewicz,andLaxmiRamasubramanian 6 RiskPerceptionandActiontoReducetheImpactofFloodsin theCzechRepublic .................................... 117 MohanKumarBeraandPetrDaněk 7 WaterManagementasaMeansforClimateChangeAdaptation andSustainableDevelopment ............................ 133 GhrmawitHaile ix x Contents 8 Urbanization,ClimateLinkedWaterVulnerabilityas ImpedimentstoGenderEquality:ACaseStudyof Delhi,India .......................................... 149 JagritiKher,SavitaAggarwal,GeetaPunhani,andSakshiSaini 9 VulnerabilityofUganda’sElectricitySectortoClimateChange: AnIntegratedSystemsAnalysis .......................... 177 VigneshSridharan,EunicePereiraRamos,ConstantinosTaliotis, MarkHowells,PaulBasudde,andIsaacV.Kinhonhi 10 ManagingtheIncreasingHeatStressinRuralAreas ......... 207 AdithyaPradyumna,RamkumarBendapudi,DipakZade, MarcellaD’Souza,andPremsagarTasgaonkar 11 ResettlementandRelocationOptionsforCoastal Communities ......................................... 229 PeniHausiaHavea,SarahL.Hemstock,and HeleneJacotDesCombes 12 BuildingResiliencetoClimateChange:WaterStewardshipin RainfedAgrarianVillagesinMaharashtra,India ............ 245 EshwerKaleandMarcellaD’Souza 13 ResilienceinClimateStressedEnvironmentThroughWater Grabbing ............................................ 269 MakariusC.S.Lalika 14 ImpactsofSomeClimaticFactorsonSoilQualityofTropical Acid-SandSoils ....................................... 295 NkemJ.NwosuandPaulB.Okon 15 BioremediationEffectsofNitrogenFixingTreesonNutrients andHeavyMetalsinSpentEngineOilPollutedSoil .......... 319 BamideleAdanikinandJoshuaKayode 16 BuildingVulnerableIslanderResiliencetoNaturalHazard: AParticipatoryApproach ............................... 329 RiffatMahmoodandA.Q.M.Mahbub 17 ClimateVariabilityandWaterAvailabilityinRiparianRural CommunitiesoftheEbriéLagooninCôted’Ivoire ........... 359 IsimemenOsemwegieandAdjouaNadègeBoko-Koiadia 18 MicrobialInoculantsforImprovingCarbonSequestrationin AgroecosystemstoMitigateClimateChange ................ 381 AbeerAhmedQaedAhmed,KehindeAbrahamOdelade,and OlubukolaOlurantiBabalola Contents xi 19 AreaExclosureasaStrategyforClimateChangeMitigation: CaseStudyfromTigrayRegion,NorthernEthiopia .......... 403 SamsonShimelse,TamratBekele,andSileshiNemomissa 20 BalancingAdaptationandMitigationintheBuildingSector ofNewYorkState ..................................... 429 YasmeinOkour,NicholasB.Rajkovich,andMarthaBohm 21 Biodiversity,EcosystemDegradation,andClimateChange EffectsonLivelihoodsintheBitumenAreaofNigeria ........ 447 MosunmolaLydiaAdeleke,O.J.Oluwatosin,O.A.Fagbenro, T.T.Amos,andI.A.Ajibefun 22 ClimateChangeandCoastalResilienceinNigeria ........... 459 MosunmolaLydiaAdeleke,BosedeOlufunmilayoAkinwalere, KehindeOluwatosinOlajubu,andGbengaEmmanuelOnibi 23 DriversofDeforestationandLand-UseChangeinSouthwest Nigeria .............................................. 475 MayowaFasona,PeterAdegbengaAdeonipekun,OludareAgboola, AkinlabiAkintuyi,AdedoyinBello,OluwatoyinOgundipe, AlabiSoneye,andAdemolaOmojola 24 TraditionVersusClimateChange:CulturalImportanceof IndigenousFruitTreeandAdaptationinBenin,WestAfrica ... 499 LaurentGnonlonfin,ChristineN.A.Ouinsavi, GérardGouwakinnou,BelarmainA.Fandohan,and TowanouOlivierHouetchegnon 25 ForestCoverChangeandItsImpactsonEcosystemServicesin KatimokForestReserve,BaringoCounty,Kenya ............ 515 A.Jebiwott,G.M.Ogendi,S.M.Makindi,andM.O.Esilaba 26 EcotourismasanAdaptationStrategyforMitigatingClimate ChangeImpactsonLocalCommunitiesAroundProtected AreasinGhana ....................................... 537 YawBoakyeAgyeman 27 InfluenceofREDD+PilotProjectonLivelihoodsofMangrove ForestAdjacentCommunitiesinZanzibar,Tanzania ......... 557 RukiaA.Kitula 28 ImpactsofClimateChangeonHealth:EvidencesfromMulti- stakeholdersintheWesternRegionofCameroon ............ 571 HubertFudjumdjum 29 EcologicalLimits:ImplicationsforSustainableHumanCapital Development ......................................... 585 OluwabunmiOpeyemiAdejumo