Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents, Volume 2 Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents, Volume 2 Nonlethal Chemical Agents and Biological Warfare Agents Third Edition D. Hank Ellison Third edition published 2022 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 and by CRC Press 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC © 2022 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC First edition published by CRC Press 1999 Second edition published by CRC Press 2007 Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. 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ISBN: 978-1-032-13724-7 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-14894-6 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-23056-4 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003230564 Typeset in Times by MPS Limited, Dehradun Contents Preface...............................................................................................................................................ix Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................................xi Explanatory Notes .........................................................................................................................xiii About the Author.........................................................................................................................xxiii Incapacitating And Riot Control Agents Chapter 12 Mind-Altering Agents .................................................................................................3 General Information ....................................................................................................3 Toxicology...................................................................................................................3 Characteristics..............................................................................................................4 Additional Hazards......................................................................................................5 Protection.....................................................................................................................6 Medical ........................................................................................................................8 Fatality Management...................................................................................................9 Bibliography ..............................................................................................................39 Chapter 13 Irritating and Lachrymatory Agents .........................................................................41 General Information ..................................................................................................41 Toxicology.................................................................................................................41 Characteristics............................................................................................................42 Additional Hazards....................................................................................................43 Protection...................................................................................................................44 Medical ......................................................................................................................47 Fatality Management.................................................................................................48 Bibliography ..............................................................................................................66 Chapter 14 Vomiting/Sternatory Agents......................................................................................69 General Information ..................................................................................................69 Toxicology.................................................................................................................69 Characteristics............................................................................................................70 Additional Hazards....................................................................................................71 Protection...................................................................................................................72 Medical ......................................................................................................................74 Fatality Management.................................................................................................75 Bibliography ..............................................................................................................80 Chapter 15 Malodorants...............................................................................................................83 General Information ..................................................................................................83 Toxicology.................................................................................................................83 Characteristics............................................................................................................84 Additional Hazards....................................................................................................85 v vi Contents Protection...................................................................................................................85 Medical......................................................................................................................87 Fatality Management.................................................................................................88 Bibliography............................................................................................................104 Biological Agents Chapter 16 Toxins......................................................................................................................109 General Information................................................................................................109 Toxicology...............................................................................................................109 Characteristics..........................................................................................................110 Additional Hazards..................................................................................................111 Protection.................................................................................................................111 Medical....................................................................................................................114 Fatality Management...............................................................................................115 Bibliography............................................................................................................158 Chapter 17 Bacterial Pathogens.................................................................................................161 General Information................................................................................................161 Response..................................................................................................................162 Additional Hazards..................................................................................................163 Bibliography............................................................................................................205 Chapter 18 Viral Pathogens.......................................................................................................209 General Information................................................................................................209 Response..................................................................................................................210 Additional Hazards..................................................................................................211 Bibliography............................................................................................................288 Chapter 19 Fungal Pathogens....................................................................................................293 General Information................................................................................................293 Response..................................................................................................................293 Bibliography............................................................................................................309 Chapter 20 Bioregulators............................................................................................................311 General Information................................................................................................311 Toxicology...............................................................................................................311 Characteristics..........................................................................................................312 Additional Hazards..................................................................................................312 Protection.................................................................................................................313 Medical....................................................................................................................315 Fatality Management...............................................................................................315 Bibliography............................................................................................................335 Contents vii Chapter 21 Non-vector Entomological Agents..........................................................................337 General Information................................................................................................337 Bibliography............................................................................................................361 Glossary........................................................................................................................................363 Appendix A Agent Delivery........................................................................................................389 The Agent Cloud.....................................................................................................389 Environmental Impacts............................................................................................390 Weapon Design........................................................................................................391 Frangible Containers................................................................................................394 Pressurized Cylinders..............................................................................................395 Chemical Reaction Devices....................................................................................396 Explosive Dissemination.........................................................................................396 Binary Munitions.....................................................................................................398 Sprayers....................................................................................................................399 Thermal Generators.................................................................................................401 Vectors.....................................................................................................................403 Assassinations and Attempts...................................................................................403 Bibliography............................................................................................................405 Appendix B Summary of Military Chemical Munitions Markings............................................409 World War I............................................................................................................409 World War II...........................................................................................................411 Cold War..................................................................................................................416 Bibliography............................................................................................................419 Appendix C Biological Risk Groups and Biosafety Levels.......................................................421 Bibliography............................................................................................................428 Appendix D International and U.S. Domestic Lists of Agents..................................................429 Indices...........................................................................................................................................445 Alphabetical Index of Chemical Names, Military Codes and Synonyms.................................................................................................................446 Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Numbers.........................................................564 United Nations (UN) Numbers...............................................................................570 European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances (EC) Numbers..........................................................................................................571 U.S. Food and Drug Administration Unique Ingredient Identifiers (UNII).....................................................................................................573 11th Revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-11) Codes.......................................576 European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) Codes........578 Viral Taxonomic Families.......................................................................................579 Insect Vectors and Diseases....................................................................................581 Agricultural Animal Diseases.................................................................................584 Agricultural Crop Diseases.....................................................................................586 Index..............................................................................................................................................589 viii Contents Volume 1 contains the following classes of agents: Chapter 1 Organophosphorus Nerve Agents Chapter 2 Carbamate Nerve Agents Chapter 3 Sulfur and Nitrogen Vesicants Chapter 4 Arsenic Vesicants Chapter 5 Urticants Chapter 6 Bicyclophosphate Convulsants Chapter 7 COX-Inhibiting Blood Agents Chapter 8 Arsine Blood Agents Chapter 9 Carbon Monoxide Blood Agents Chapter 10 Pulmonary Agents Chapter 11 Toxic Industrial Agents Index Preface to Volume 2 The body of information in this new edition of the handbook exceeds a size that can comfortably be handled in a single volume. Volume one of this edition contains those classes of military chemical agents that were developed for their lethal effects as well as toxic industrial agents of concern. Volume two contains chemicals that were developed as incapacitating agents or for use in riot control situations, as well as all classes of biological pathogens and mid-spectrum agents. No value or utility of the agents is implied in this grouping nor in the sequence that the classes are presented in either volume. In this volume, two of the classes from the previous edition, bacterial and rickettsial pathogens, have been consolidated into a single class in order to provide clarity and reflect current scientific taxonomy. Two new classes of biological agents, bioregulators and non-vector entomological agents, have been added. All materials listed in this handbook have been used on the battlefield, stockpiled as weapons, received significant interest by research programs, used or threatened to be used by terrorists, or have been assessed by qualified law enforcement and response organizations as agents of significant concern. In presenting this broad spectrum, I do not offer an evaluation of the efficacy or viability of the agent classes or any of the individual agents. I have included agents classified by the military as obsolete along with those that are still considered a potential threat on the battlefield. It is important to remember that while an agent may have been a failure on the battlefield, it could still be a very successful weapon in the hands of a terrorist. In order to assure accuracy, all data has been cross-checked over the widest variety of military, scientific, and medical sources available. ix