Gomaa A. M. Ali Abdel Salam H. Makhlouf Editors Handbook of Biodegradable Materials Handbook of Biodegradable Materials (cid:129) Gomaa A. M. Ali Abdel Salam H. Makhlouf Editors Handbook of Biodegradable Materials With566Figuresand137Tables Editors GomaaA.M.Ali AbdelSalamH.Makhlouf ChemistryDepartment VicePresidentofAdvancedMaterialResearch, Al-AzharUniversity StanleyBlack&Decker,Inc Assiut,Egypt Connecticut,USA ISBN978-3-031-09709-6 ISBN978-3-031-09710-2(eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09710-2 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2023 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthe materialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface The Handbook of Biodegradable Materials is one of the most comprehensive and insightfulreferences that challengesthe most recent and critical topics inmaterials biodegradabilityandsustainability.Thebookdiscussesthebiodegradationprocess, including its fundamentals, types, efficiency, importance, and impacts on many strategic areas, such as the environment, health, industry, technology, food, and agriculture. The book explores awide spectrum of biodegradable materials includ- ing, but limited to, ceramics, glasses, polymers, composites, glass-ceramics, and metalalloys. TheHandbookofBiodegradableMaterialsconsistsofeightmainparts. PartI:FundamentalsofBiodegradations This part introduces the basic principles of biodegradable materials. It includes nine chapters and discusses in detail the biodegradation process and the factors affecting the process with some examples from industrial applications. It also dis- cussestheconceptandsignificanceofthemicrobialconsortiuminthebiodegradation process, the role of microorganisms in biodegradation of pollutants, and the most commontypesofmicroorganismsforbiodegradation.Themechanismofmicrobial biodegradation and the secrets behind efficient biodegradation are explored. The recentadvancesandfuturetrendsinmicrobialbiodegradationarealsodiscussed. PartII:PolymerBiodegradation This part contains seven chapters that discuss in detail the biodegradable poly- mers,types,andindustrialapplications.Itexplorestheelectricallyconductingsmart biodegradablepolymers,thebiocompatibilityofnanomaterialsreinforcedpolymer- based nanocomposites, sustainable biopolymers, biodegradable polysaccharides nanocomposites,andtheirindustrialapplications. PartIII:PlasticBiodegradation This part contains four chapters that discuss in detail the biodegradation and biofragmentation of plastics wastes, the emerging technologies in biodegradable plastics for sustainability, and the impacts of biodegradable plastic on the environment. PartIV:OtherMaterialsBiodegradation This part contains three chapters that provide other examples for materials degradation such as biodegradable inorganic nanocomposites, carbon nanotubes, andchitinandchitosan. v vi Preface PartV:EnvironmentalImpactsofBiodegradation Thispartcontainssevenchaptersthatdiscussindetailtheenvironmentalimpacts ofbiodegradationwithsomeindustrialexamplessuchasbiodegradationofazodye pollutants using microorganisms, genetically engineered bacteria used in bioreme- diation applications, biowaste materials for biodegradable packaging applications, biodegradation of industrial pollutants, and biodegradable nanocelluloses for removalofhazardousorganicpollutantsfromwastewater. PartVI:MedicalandHealthImpactsofBiodegradation This part contains eight chapters that discuss in detail the biodegradation of medicalwastes.Ithighlightssomecriticalexamplessuchasbiodegradablepolymers andhybridbiodegradablepolymericscaffoldsforcardiactissueengineering,biode- gradablepolymer-basedinorganicnanoparticles,biodegradableMgalloysforortho- pedic implant materials, and biodegradable nanocomposite as bone tissue scaffold. Additionally, this part highlights other biodegradable polymers for skin and bone regeneration, stem cell technologies, and pharmaceuticals and personal care products. PartVII:FoodsandAgriculturalImpactsofBiodegradation This part contains five chapters that discuss several examples of biodegradable materialsinthefoodindustry.Topicsincludingbiodegradation versuscomposting, biochar and chicken manure compost, biodegradable food packaging materials, ecological sustainability of biodegradable materials for healthy food storage, and biodegradablealkydmaterialsforeco-friendlycoatingapplicationsarediscussed. PartVIII:IndustrialandTechnologicalImpactsofBiodegradation Thispartcontainseightchaptersthatdiscussseveralexamplesofbiodegradable materials in the industry. It discusses the biodegradable electrode materials for sustainable supercapacitors as future energy storage devices, biodegradation of crude oil and surfactants biodegradation, and oil industry waste materials. This part also explores the new trends for using the biodegradation for metal extraction andbiodegradabletextiles. Thefuturetrendsinbiodegradablematerialsandsustainabilityarealsodiscussed asfinalremarksandconclusionsineachchapter. Assiut,Egypt GomaaA.M.Ali Connecticut,USA AbdelSalamH.Makhlouf February2023 Contents Volume 1 PartI FundamentalsofBiodegradations ..................... 1 1 BiodegradableMaterials:Fundamentals,Importance, andImpacts ........................................... 3 GomaaA.M.Ali,MohammadR.Thalji,andAbdelSalamHamdy Makhlouf 2 BiodegradationProcess:Basics,FactorsAffecting, andIndustrialApplications .............................. 19 LaiMunKohandSookMeiKhor 3 FundamentalsofBiodegradationProcess .................... 57 KoulaDoukani,DyhiaBoukirat,AssiaBoumezrag,HasnaBouhenni, andYassineBounouira 4 AnaerobicBiodegradation:TheAnaerobicDigestionProcess .... 85 OuahidElAsri 5 RecentAdvancesinMicrobialBiodegradation ............... 111 SamahHusseiny,NadaElgiddawy,GhariebS.El-Sayyad,and WaleedM.A.ElRouby 6 ConceptandSignificanceofMicrobialConsortiuminthe BiodegradationProcess .................................. 137 LaiMunKohandSookMeiKhor 7 MechanismofMicrobialBiodegradation:Secretsof Biodegradation ........................................ 179 DoaaA.R.Mahmoud vii viii Contents 8 TypesofMicroorganismsforBiodegradation ................ 195 ShaimaaA.KhalidandWalaaM.Elsherif 9 RoleofMicroorganismsinBiodegradationofPollutants ........ 221 FaridaAh.Fouad,DoniaG.Youssef,FatmaM.Shahat,and MohamedN.AbdEl-Ghany PartII PolymerBiodegradation ............................ 261 10 BiodegradablePolymers ................................. 263 AtikaAlhanishandGomaaA.M.Ali 11 BiodegradablePolymerChallenges ........................ 293 SumairaNaeem,JawayriaNajeeb,SheikhMuhammadUsman,and HummeraRafique 12 SustainableBiopolymers ................................. 319 MustafaK.Ismael 13 BiocompatibilityofNanomaterialsReinforcedPolymer-Based Nanocomposites ........................................ 351 FaridaAh.Fouad,DoniaG.Youssef,FatmaA.Refay,and FakihaEl-TaibHeakal 14 ElectricallyConductingSmartBiodegradablePolymersandTheir Applications ........................................... 391 MeenaBhandari,DilrajPreetKaur,SeemaRaj,TejpalYadav, MohammedA.S.Abourehab,andMdSabirAlam 15 BiodegradablePolysaccharidesNanocomposites .............. 415 HagarF.ForsanandRandaS.Hasan 16 BiodegradablePolymersforIndustrialApplications ........... 451 AbdelaalS.A.Ahmed,AhmedN.R.M.Negm,M.Mohammed, M.AbdEl-Majeed,A.K.Ali,andM.Abdelmotalleib PartIII PlasticBiodegradation ............................. 477 17 BiodegradablePlasticsasaSolutiontotheChallenging SituationofPlasticWasteManagement ..................... 479 HafsaJavaid,MahrukhKhan,KiranMustafa,andSaraMusaddiq 18 BiodegradablePlasticsBasedonAlgalPolymers:Recent AdvancesandApplications ............................... 501 MohamedGomaa Contents ix 19 EmergingandAdvancedTechnologiesinBiodegradable PlasticsforSustainability ................................ 533 NorIzatiCheAbAziz,YusmazuraZakaria,NoorZuhartiniMd Muslim,andNikFakhuruddinNikHassan 20 PlasticsBiodegradationandBiofragmentation ............... 571 NagwanGalalElMenofyandAbdelrahmanMossadKhattab PartIV OtherMaterialsBiodegradation ..................... 601 21 BiodegradableInorganicNanocomposites ................... 603 JuanMatmin,NikAhmadNizamNikMalek,andNorSurianiSani 22 BiodegradationofCarbonNanotubes ...................... 643 AmanySaadIbrahim,DinaA.M.Farage,andGomaaA.M.Ali 23 Biodegradation,Biosynthesis,Isolation,andApplicationsof ChitinandChitosan .................................... 677 ShowketAhmadDarandFahdMohammedAbdAlGalil PartV EnvironmentalImpactsofBiodegradation ............. 719 24 EnvironmentalImpactofBiodegradation ................... 721 EsraaE.Ammar 25 BiodegradableNanocellulosesforRemovalofHazardousOrganic PollutantsfromWastewater .............................. 761 SaikumarManchala,AmbedkarGandamalla,andAravindRudrarapu 26 BiodegradationofAzoDyePollutantsUsing Microorganisms ........................................ 781 HassanienGomaa,MohammedY.Emran,andMarwaA.El-Gammal 27 ImpactsofBiodegradablePlasticontheEnvironment ......... 811 NayeraAwnyMahmoud,AlaaMohamedYasien,DinaHamada Swilam,MaiMuhammedGamil,andShimaaTarekAhmed 28 GeneticallyEngineeredBacteriaUsedinBioremediation Applications ........................................... 839 RanaTarekandGomaaA.M.Ali 29 BiowasteMaterialsforAdvancedBiodegradablePackaging Technology ........................................... 861 MohammedY.Emran,WaheedMiran,HassanienGomaa,Islam Ibrahim,GeorgeV.Belessiotis,AdelA.Abdelwahab,andMahmoud BenOthman x Contents 30 BiodegradationofPollutants .............................. 899 KoulaDoukani,DyhiaBoukirat,AssiaBoumezrag,HasnaBouhenni, andYassineBounouira Volume 2 PartVI MedicalandHealthImpactsofBiodegradation ........ 927 31 BiodegradableNanocompositeasAdvancedBone TissueScaffold ........................................ 929 YaraA.KammounandAmalAshry 32 BiodegradablePolymersforCardiacTissueEngineering ....... 979 AymiezaYaacobandNazzatushShimarJamaludin 33 BiodegradablePolymersinBiomedicalApplications: AFocusonSkinandBoneRegeneration .................... 1015 MaiAbdelgawad,M.AbdElkodous,andWaleedM.A.ElRouby 34 HybridBiodegradablePolymericScaffoldsforCardiacTissue Engineering ........................................... 1045 HusseinM.El-Husseiny,EmanA.Mady,YasmineRadwan,Maria Nagy,AmiraAbugomaa,MohamedElbadawy,andRyouTanaka 35 BiodegradationMethodofPharmaceuticalsandPersonalCare Products ............................................. 1093 MarwaA.El-Gammal,AhmedSaadElsaeidy,HamidAshry,and AfnanW.M.Jobran 36 BiodegradableMaterialsfromNaturalOriginforTissue EngineeringandStemCellsTechnologies ................... 1133 AhmedAtwa,MahmoudR.Sofy,SaraM.Fakhrelden,OlaDarwish, AhmedB.M.Mehany,AhmedR.Sofy,andSayedBakry 37 MedicalWasteBiodegradation ............................ 1173 BoonHongLeeandSookMeiKhor 38 BiodegradableMgAlloysforOrthopedicImplant Materials ............................................. 1211 SalahSalmanandMohammedK.Gouda PartVII FoodsandAgriculturalImpactsofBiodegradation ..... 1241 39 BiocharandChickenManureCompost ..................... 1243 NurZulaikhaIzzatibintiRosmanandNazzatushShimarJamaludin 40 BiodegradationVersusComposting ........................ 1275 BoonHongLeeandSookMeiKhor