Handbook of Antennas and Propagation Technology Volume III Edmond Thor Handbook of Antennas and Propagation Technology Volume III "This page is Intentionally Left Blank" Handbook of Antennas and Propagation Technology Volume III Edited by Edmond Thor Published by University Publications, 5 Penn Plaza, 19th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA Handbook of Antennas and Propagation Technology: Volume III Edited by Edmond Thor © 2018 University Publications International Standard Book Number: 978-1-9789-1090-4 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Copyright for all individual chapters remain with the respective authors as indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Permission and sources are indicat- ed; for detailed attributions, please refer to the permissions page. 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Contents Preface VII Chapter 1 New Polarization Basis for Polarimetric Phased Array Weather Radar: Theory and Polarimetric Variables Measurement 1 Jian Dong, Qingfu Liu and Xuesong Wang Chapter 2 Dual-Dipole UHF RFID Tag Antenna with Quasi-Isotropic Patterns Based on Four-Axis Reflection Symmetry 16 Chunfang Qin, Lingfei Mo, Hongliang Zhou and Hongjian Zhang Chapter 3 How FPGAs Can Help Create Self-Recoverable Antenna Arrays 25 Miroslav Joler Chapter 4 A Compact Multiband Notch UWB Antenna 35 K. Kumar and N. Gunasekaran Chapter 5 Conformal Array Pattern Synthesis Using a Hybrid WARP/2LB-MOPSO Algorithm 40 Roghieh Karimzadeh Baee, Keyvan Forooraghi and Somayyeh Chamaani Chapter 6 Study of Antenna Superstrates Using Metamaterials for Directivity Enhancement Based on Fabry-Perot Resonant Cavity 47 Haixia Liu, Shuo Lei, Xiaowei Shi and Long Li Chapter 7 A Novel Low RCS Design Method for X-Band Vivaldi Antenna 57 Xiao Xiang He, Teng Chen and Xin Wang Chapter 8 Performance of Ultrawideband Wireless Tags for On-Body Radio Channel Characterisation 63 Mohammad Monirujjaman Khan, Qammer H. Abbasi, Akram Alomainy and Yang Hao Chapter 9 Digital Architectures for UWB Beamforming Using 2D IIR Spatio-Temporal Frequency-Planar Filters 73 Soumya Kondapalli, Arjuna Madanayake and Len Bruton Chapter 10 Spatial Characterization of GNSS Multipath Channels 92 Hatef Keshvadi, Ali Broumandan and Gérard Lachapelle Chapter 11 Investigation of Flexible Textile Antennas and AMC Reflectors 107 M. Mantash, A.-C. Tarot, S. Collardey and K. Mahdjoubi __________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES __________________________ VI Contents Chapter 12 Analysis for Resolution of Bistatic SAR Configuration with Geosynchronous Transmitter and UAV Receiver 117 Yicheng Jiang and Zhuoqun Wang Chapter 13 3GPP Channel Model Emulation with Analysis of MIMO-LTE Performances in Reverberation Chamber 127 Nabil Arsalane, Moctar Mouhamadou, Cyril Decroze, David Carsenat, Miguel Angel Garcia-Fernandez and Thierry Monedière Chapter 14 Effect of Earth Ground and Environment on Body-Centric Communications in the MHz Band 135 Katsuyuki Fujii and Yasuyuki Okumura Chapter 15 Ultrawideband Impulse Radar Through-the-Wall Imaging with Compressive Sensing 145 Wenji Zhang, Moeness G. Amin, Fauzia Ahmad, Ahmad Hoorfar and Graeme E. Smith Chapter 16 Glass Superstrate Nanoantennas for Infrared Energy Harvesting Applications 156 Isa Kocakarin and Korkut Yegin Chapter 17 Effect of Polarization on the Correlation and Capacity of Indoor MIMO Channels 163 Hsun-Chang Lo, Ding-Bing Lin, Teng-Chieh Yang and Hsueh-Jyh Li Chapter 18 An Effective Method for Borehole Imaging of Buried Tunnels 174 Loreto Di Donato, Rosa Scapaticci, Tommaso Isernia, Ilaria Catapano and Lorenzo Crocco Chapter 19 A Reconfigurable Coplanar Waveguide Bowtie Antenna Using an Integrated Ferroelectric Thin-Film Varactor 183 K. C. Pan, D. Brown, G. Subramanyam, R. Penno, H. Jiang, C. H. Zhang, M. Patterson, D. Kuhl, K. Leedy and C. Cerny Chapter 20 A Genetic and Simulated Annealing Combined Algorithm for Optimization of Wideband Antenna Matching Networks 189 Aixin Chen, Tiehua Jiang, Zhizhang Chen and Yanjun Zhang Chapter 21 Textile UWB Antenna Bending and Wet Performances 195 Mai A. R. Osman, M. K. A. Rahim, N. A. Samsuri, M. K. Elbasheer and M. E. Ali Permissions List of Contributors __________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES __________________________ Preface Antennas are electrical devices which convert electric power into radio waves and vice versa. Antennas are usually requisite while using any type of radio receiver or transmitter to link itself to the electromagnetic field. They are usually coupled with radio transmitters or receivers. Antennas can be distinguished by a number of execution measures which a user would be involved with in opting for or designing antennas for a particular application in the real world. One can say that antennas are crucial components of all equipments that use radio. They are utilized in applications like two-way radio, radio broadcasting, communications receivers, broadcast television, radar, satellite communications and cell phones as well as other day to day devices such as wireless microphones, bluetooth-enabled devices, RFID tags on merchandise, wireless computer networks and even baby monitors. Radio propagation is the behavior of radio waves when they are broadcast or propagated from one point to another over land or into various parts of the atmosphere and one can say that antennas play a major role in such propagation. As a type of electromagnetic radiation, radio waves are influenced by the phenomena of refraction, reflection, absorption, diffraction, scattering and polarization. Grasping the effects of differing conditions on propagation has many practical applications, such as choosing frequencies for international shortwave broadcasters, radio navigation, designing reliable mobile telephone systems and operation of radar systems. Though there are also various services like emergency locator transmitters, in-flight communication with ocean-crossing aircraft, and television broadcasting that have been moved to communications satellites. Skilled knowledge of antennae and propagation is required in this age of constant connectivity and thus the demand for new innovations is also on the rise. This book is an attempt to compile and collate all available research on antennas and propagation under one umbrella. I am grateful to those who put their hard work, effort and expertise into these researches as well as those who were supportive in this endeavour. I wish to thank the publishing team for providing excellent technical assistance, as and when required. Editor __________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES __________________________ "This page is Intentionally Left Blank" __________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES __________________________ 1 New Polarization Basis for Polarimetric Phased Array Weather Radar: Theory and Polarimetric Variables Measurement JianDong,QingfuLiu,andXuesongWang SchoolofElectronicScienceandEngineering,NationalUniversityofDefenseTechnology,De-YaRoad46,Kai-FuDistrict, HunanProvince,Changsha410073,China CorrespondenceshouldbeaddressedtoJianDong,[email protected] AcademicEditor:FranciscoFalcone Anovelschemeisdevelopedformitigatingmeasurementbiasesinagile-beampolarimetricphasedarrayweatherradar.Basedon theorthogonalHuygenssourcedual-polarizedelementmodel,apolarizationmeasurementbasisforplanarpolarimetricphased array radar (PPAR) is proposed. The proposed polarization basis is orthogonal to itself after a 90◦ rotation along the array’s broadsideandcanwellmeasurethecharacteristicsofdual-polarizedelement.Withpolarimetricmeasurementsbeingundertaken inthispolarizationbasis,themeasurementbiasescausedbytheunsymmetricalprojectionsofdual-polarizedelement’sfieldsonto thelocalhorizontalandverticaldirectionsofradiatedbeamcanbemitigated.Polarimetricvariablesforprecipitationestimation andclassificationarederivedfromthescatteringcovariancematrixinhorizontalandverticalpolarizationbasis.Inaddition,the estimatesoftheseparametersbasedonthetimeseriesdataacquiredwiththenewpolarizationbasisarealsoinvestigated.Finally, autocorrelationmethodsforboththealternatetransmissionandsimultaneousreceptionmodeandthesimultaneoustransmission andsimultaneousreceptionmodearedeveloped. 1.Introduction Basically,therearetwopopularmeasurementmodesfor implementingthelinearpolarizationbasis.Oneisthesimul- Thetheoryandapplicationofpolarimetricradarforweather taneous transmission and simultaneous reception (STSR) sensinghavebeendevelopedfordecades[1,2].Theoretically, mode, while the other is the alternative transmission and any orthogonal polarization basis (e.g., horizontal and simultaneousreception(ATSR)mode.Unlesssomeorthog- vertical linear, right hand and left hand circular, and +45◦ onal signal coding methods are used [7, 8], only copolar and−45◦slantlinear)canbeusedforfullypolarimetricmea- elementsinscatteringcovariancematrixcanbemeasuredin surement.However,dependingontheshape,size,andmean theSTSRmode.Butthereareindeedsomebenefitssuchas canting angle of hydrometeors, the linear H/V (horizontal reduced statistical fluctuations, and no need to account for and vertical) polarization basis is the most common choice Doppler shifts and simplification of hardware, which made for current polarimetric weather radars with mechanically theSTSRmodetobeacommonchoiceofrecentpolarimetric steered antenna, since it offers simpler, more direct, and weatherradar[3]. accuratequantitativemeasurementsofprecipitations[3,4]. Polarimetric variables account for the differences of the Polarimetric variables (e.g., the differential reflectivity ZDR, H andV polarizedfieldswhicharereflectedbyorpropagate thetotaldifferentialphaseφDP,thecopolarcross-correlation throughthehydrometeors.Sincetheshapeofmosthydrome- coefficient ρhv, and the linear depolarization ratio LDR) teorsisnearlyspherical,thedifferencesareusuallyverysmall. for precipitation estimation and classification have also Accuratemeasurement of polarimetric variables is required been derived from the scattering covariance matrix in H/V to provide reliable information. There are many factors of polarizationbasis[1–3].Theradardataacquiredwithother biasesinpolarimetricmeasurement.Oneofthemostcritical orthogonalpolarizationstatesneedtobetransformedtothe factorscomesfromthenonidealpolarizationcharacteristics H/V polarizationbasisfortheestimatesoftheseparameters ofanantenna,suchasthemismatchingofcopularradiation [5,6]. and the limited isolation of cross-polar radiation. These __________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES __________________________