’ Handbook of Africa s International Relations Africa’s international relations have often been defined and framed by the dominant international and geopolitical agendas of the day. In the aftermath of colonialism, the Cold War became a dominant paradigm that defined the nature of the continent’s relations with the rest of the world. In the post- Cold War world, the contemporary forces of globalization are now exerting an undue influence and impactonAfrica’sinternationalrelations.Historically,thecontinent’sabilityandcapacitytoadvanceits interests has also been undermined by the lack of political will among African leaders to find ways to addresstheirdifferencesandcollectivelysolvetheirproblems.However,increasingly,Africaisemergingas a vocal and, in some respects, an influential actor in international relations. There is a paucity of ana- lysis and research on Africa’s international relations, and this timely book proposes to fill this analytical gap.Itwillappealtoundergraduates,postgraduatestudents,academics,policymakersanddevelopmental practitioners who have an interest in Africa’s emerging role in the international sphere. The emerging political prominence of the African continent on the world stage is predicated on an evolvinginternalprocessofcontinentalintegration.Inparticular,therearenormativeandpolicyeffortsto revive the spirit of Pan-Africanism and how it informs the continent’s international relations. Conse- quently,thisbookwillalsoengagewiththeemergingroleoftheAfricanUnion(AU)asaninternationalactor. The book will assess a selection of institutional developments, issues and policy frameworks that the AUhasadoptedasavehicleforAfricainterests.Inaddition,thebookwillassesshowglobalgovernancehas impacted on Africa and will also consider the continent’s evolving international partnerships. Thebookisstructuredintofivepartswhichinclude contenton: (cid:2) Theoriesand thehistorical evolutionof Africa’sinternational relations (cid:2) Institutional developments relatingtotheAfrican Union (cid:2) Issuesandpolicyareas onAfrica’sinternational relations (cid:2) Globalgovernanceand Africa (cid:2) Africaand international partnerships. TimMurithiisaResearchFellowwiththeAfricanGenderInstituteattheUniversityofCapeTown and the Head of the Justice and Reconciliation in Africa Programme at the Institute for Justice and Reconciliation in Cape Town, South Africa. He is author of The African Union: Pan-Africanism, Peace- building and Development, published by Ashgate, and The Ethics of Peacebuilding, published by Edinburgh University Press. This page intentionally left blank ’ Handbook of Africa s International Relations Editor: Tim Murithi RO Routledge U TLED Taylor & Francis Group G E LONDON AND NEW YORK Firsteditionpublished2014 byRoutledge 2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,OxonOX144RN SimultaneouslypublishedintheUSAandCanada byRoutledge 711ThirdAvenue,NewYork,NY10017 RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness ©2014Routledge TherightofTimMurithitobeidentifiedaseditorofthisworkhasbeenassertedbyhimin accordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproducedorutilisedinany formorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,nowknownorhereafterinvented, includingphotocopyingandrecording,orinanyinformationstorageorretrievalsystem, withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublishers. Trademarknotice:Productorcorporatenamesmaybetrademarksorregisteredtrademarks,and areusedonlyforidentificationandexplanationwithoutintenttoinfringe. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData HandbookofAfrica'sinternationalrelations/editor,TimMurithi.–1sted. p.cm. Summary:"AnalysescurrentthemesinAfrica'sinternationalrelations.Discussesthegrowing prominenceoftheAfricancontinentontheworldstage,theevolutionofPan-Africanismand theemergingroleoftheAfricanUnionasaninternationalactor"–Providedbypublisher. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. 1. Africa–Foreignrelations.2. AfricanUnion.3. Pan-Africanism. I.Murithi,Timothy. JZ1773.H362013 327.6–dc23 2013006473 ISBN:978-1-85743-633-4(hbk) ISBN:978-0-203-80392-9(ebk) TypesetinBembo byTaylor&FrancisBooks EuropaCommissioningEditor:CathyHartley Contents List of illustrations ix List of contributors x Acknowledgements xvii List of abbreviations xviii 1 Introduction: The evolution of Africa’s international relations 1 Tim Murithi PARTI Theories and historical evolution 9 2 Theoretical approaches to Africa’s international relations 11 Thomas Kwasi Tieku 3 Pan-Africanism and the international system 21 Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni 4 The impact of globalization on Africa 30 Berouk Mesfin 5 Africa’s international relations beyond the state: Insights from the Niger Delta 39 Cyril Obi PARTII Institutional developments 49 6 The African Peace and Security Architecture 51 Solomon Dersso 7 The AU New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD): The next 10 years 62 Tony Karbo v Contents 8 The African Union and regional economic communities: A partnership for peace and security? 73 John Akokpari and Sarah Ancas 9 The African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance: Business as usual? 82 Mireille Affa’a Mindzie 10 The African Union and a liberal peace agenda to conflict 94 Elias Omondi Opongo 11 Where global meets local: The politics of Africa’s emergent gender equality regime 103 Toni Haastrup PARTIII Africa’s international relations: Issues and policy areas 113 12 Africa’s conception of security in transition: The continent’s approach to multilateral interventions, from Nkrumah to the Africa Standby Force 115 Romain Esmenjaud 13 Africa and international trade policy: Contesting the World Trade Organization and Economic Partnership Agreements 125 Emezat H. Mengesha 14 Borders and boundaries: Containing African international migration 134 Bina Fernandez 15 Power sharing as a conflict resolution mechanism in Africa 145 Katia Papagianni PARTIV Global governance and Africa 153 16 Africa and international peace operations 155 Cedric de Coning 17 Africa and the International Criminal Court 165 Thomas Obel Hansen 18 Africa, refugees and internally displaced persons 180 Kwesi Sansculotte-Greenidge vi Contents 19 The Responsibility to Protect and Africa’s international relations 187 Adam Branch 20 The African Union and the protection of civilians: Can Africa protect its most vulnerable populations? 197 Walter Lotze 21 Africa and international human rights: Assessing national human rights institutions 207 Liza Sekaggya 22 Africa and global climate change: Impacts, vulnerabilities and adaptation challenges 219 Elena Lioubimtseva 23 Africa and the global trade in illicit small arms and light weapons 231 Dorcas Ettang 24 Africa and the United Nations Peacebuilding Commission 241 Grace Maina 25 The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund in Africa 251 Paul Clements 26 Official development assistance to Africa 261 George Klay Kieh, Jr 27 Africa and transnational organized crime: Financing insecurity and narco-terrorism 272 Kwesi Aning 28 Terrorism and the Islamist challenge in the North African Maghreb: A critical assessment 282 Valentina Bartolucci 29 Private military companies in Africa 292 Yvette Selim PARTV Africa and international partnerships 303 30 Africa and the European Union: An assessment of the Joint Africa-EU Strategy (JAES) 305 Andrew Sherriff and John Kotsopoulos vii Contents 31 Africa’s continental and regional integration: An assessment of EU-EAC trade relations 316 Doreen Alusa and Kenneth Omeje 32 The European Union promoting human rights and democracy in Africa 324 Lorenzo Fioramonti 33 Africa and China: Old stories or new opportunities? 333 Henning Melber 34 Africa and the US AFRICOM 343 Jack Mangala 35 India’s sojourn to Africa 356 Zachariah Mampilly 36 Japan in Africa: From Cold War diplomacy to TICAD and beyond 367 Seifudein Adem 37 The dynamics of South-South co-operation in the context of Africa and Latin America relations 377 Gustavo Barros de Carvalho 38 IBSA or BRICS: What is preferable for South Africa and Africa—both or none? 387 Gladys Lechini and Clarisa Giaccaglia 39 Iran-Africa relations: The troubled bridge of Third World dialogue 397 Jason Warner and Carol Jean Gallo 40 Conclusion: The prospects for Africa’s international relations 408 Tim Murithi Index 412 viii Illustrations Figures 27.1 Levels of state polarity on narcotics-democracy index 276 Tables 22.1 Regional mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation change scenarios for the period centred around 2050, simulated by 20 Atmosphere Ocean Circulation Models 221 26.1 The top recipients of American ODA to Africa, 2007–09 265 26.2 The top recipients of British ODA to Africa, 2007–09 266 26.3 The top recipients of French ODA to Africa, 2007–09 266 26.4 The top recipients of ODA from the International Development Association of the World Bank, 2007–09 267 26.5 The top recipients of ODA from the EU, 2007–09 267 26.6 The African states with the lowest Human Development Indexes (HDIs) 268 27.1 Impact of criminal networks on selected public institutions in West Africa 276 ix