HAFTED WEAPONS IN MEDIEVAL AND RENAISSANCE EUROPE HISTORY OF WARFARE General Editor kelly devries Loyola College Founding Editors theresa vann paul chevedden VOLUME 31 HAFTED WEAPONS IN MEDIEVAL AND RENAISSANCE EUROPE The Evolution of European Staff Weapons between 1200 and 1650 BY JOHN WALDMAN BRILL LEIDEN BOSTON • 2005 On the cover: The Kornmarktbrunnen, a potable water fountain in Basel, Switzerland. Moved from its original place near the old marketplace to its present location, and commemorating a local Swiss captain active at the end of the 15th century. It dates from ca. 1525. Brill Academic Publishers has done its best to establish rights to use of the materials printed herein. Should any other party feel that its rights have been infringed we would be glad to take up contact with them. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A C.I.P. record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISSN 1385–7827 ISBN 90 04 14409 9 © Copyright 2005 by John Waldman. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910 Danvers MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands CONTENTS List of Illustrations .......................................................................................................... vii Foreword ........................................................................................................................ xxiii by Walter J. Karcheski, Jr. Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... xxv Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One General Background and Forerunners .............................................. 7 Iron .............................................................................................................................. 10 Chapter Two Halberds .............................................................................................. 17 Portage of Arms by the Untitled Swiss .................................................................... 20 Possible Early Halberd Forms .................................................................................. 21 Chapter Three Extant Examples of Halberds ........................................................ 33 Halberds Elsewhere in Europe .................................................................................. 63 “Oriental” Influences .................................................................................................. 78 Chapter Four Different Styles in Simultaneous Use .............................................. 81 Chapter Five Fastenings, Poles, and Finishing Procedures .................................... 87 Chapter Six The Use of Halberds ............................................................................ 99 Chapter Seven Halberds: Details of Rapid Identification ...................................... 105 Thirteenth Century .................................................................................................... 105 Fourteenth Century .................................................................................................... 105 Fifteenth Century ........................................................................................................ 105 Sixteenth Century ...................................................................................................... 105 Seventeenth Century .................................................................................................. 106 Chapter Eight Glaives .............................................................................................. 107 Chapter Nine Bills ...................................................................................................... 115 Chapter Ten Partizans .............................................................................................. 125 Chapter Eleven The Morgenstern Group .............................................................. 137 Chapter Twelve Ahlspiesse ...................................................................................... 151 Chapter Thirteen Axes and Axe Derivatives .......................................................... 155 \ vi contents Chapter Fourteen The Guisarme and the Bardiche .............................................. 165 Chapter Fifteen The Brandistocco, Corseke, and Related Weapons .................. 177 Chapter Sixteen Vouge and Couteau de Brèche .................................................. 183 Chapter Seventeen The Military Scythe ................................................................ 191 Chapter Eighteen The Jedburgh Staff and Lochaber Axe .................................... 195 Chapter Nineteen The Doloir .................................................................................. 199 Chapter Twenty Conservation and Restoration of Polearms ................................ 203 Chapter Twenty-One The Marketplace .................................................................. 209 Postscript .......................................................................................................................... 211 List of Marks .................................................................................................................. 213 Bibliography .................................................................................................................... 215 Index ................................................................................................................................ 219 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Cover: The “Kornmarktbrunnen”, a potable water fountain in Basel, Switzerland; moved from its original place near the old marketplace to its present location, and commemo- rating a local Swiss captain active at the end of the 15th century. It dates from ca. 1525. Fig. 1. Winged spear or “Bohemian ear spoon”, ca. 1500. Note that the wings arise from the socket (see chapter 12), as opposed to the wings of partizans, which issue from the bottom of the blades. Courtesy of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, inv. no. 14.25.460. Fig. 2. Stone age axe; the shaft and thongs are reconstructions. If used under wet con- ditions these thongs would tend to relax and loosen, allowing stress on the split upper shaft portion. Private collection. Fig. 3. The mass of this large axe found near London, and possibly of Viking origin, hinges on the relatively small “eye” over the shaft making this joint unstable in a heavy blow. Lengthening the blade vertically and bringing it closer to the shaft brought with it greater stability. The guisarme, with the added feature of having the lower portion of the blade attached to the shaft, was probably a later example of such a weapon. (See chapter 14.) Courtesy of the Museum of London, inv. no. 887. Fig. 4a. A pair of rare surviving ingots of Roman iron from Swiss mines in the Jura. They are locally called “masseln”. Courtesy of the Cantonal Museum of Baselland. Fig. 4b. Ingots of raw iron, a ground find now in the Museum Ferdinandeum in Graz, 5th to 1st century B.C. Courtesy of the Museum Ferdinandeum. Fig. 5. Scavenging the battlefield for armor and weapons with infighting (lower right). From a panel painting of the victory of Louis the Great over the Serbs (? Turks), ca. 1430, by the Master of the Votive Panel of St. Lambert (Hans von Tübingen), Cloister of St. Lambert, now displayed in the Steiermarkisches Landesmuseum Joanneum, Alte Galerie, Graz. Note the sharpened extension of the pole above the upper eye of the hal- berd in the right foreground and compare with fig. 16. Courtesy of the Cloister and the Alte Galerie, Graz. Fig. 6. Page 172 of the “Waffenbuch” of Hans Döring, 1544–55. Note the chronological disparity between the arms and armor of the old man on the left and the soldiers on the right. Note also the leather wrapped shaft of the long spear, as well as the “capped” shaft of the halberd on the right. Private collection. Fig. 7. German Landsknechts and their captain, with chronologically homogeneous arms and armor, in the “Kriegsordnung” of 1545 by Hans Döring. Private collection. Fig. 8. A German Landsknecht (in the waning years of this profession) carrying a halberd, in the “Kriegsordnung” of 1545 by Hans Döring. Private collection. viii list of illustrations Fig. 9. Chinese dagger axe known as a “ji”. Bronze Age, but designated “halberd” in modern times. Private collection. Fig. 10. A very early halberd closely related to a guisarme. Excavated in Alsace, near Basel, middle to second half of the 13th century. Note that the upper end of the blade is not yet particularly suited for thrusting, but a beak is already present, and welded to the upper eye. Courtesy of the Historical Museum of Bern, inv. no. 13741. Fig. 11. “Betrayal and Arrest of Christ”, Psalter, Germany, early to mid-thirteenth cen- tury. MS. Lat. 17961, folio 113 verso. Note the “halberd” in the hands of the soldier on the left resembling the ones in Bern and Basel (figs. 10 and 25). Courtesy of the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. Fig. 12. Detail of a wall painting in the chapel of St. Nicklausen, Canton Obwald, Switzerland, ca. 1375. The halberd’s shaft is “capped”, that is, the superior eye is inte- gral with the upper back portion of the blade and is closed on top. Fig. 13. “Betrayal and Arrest of Christ,” Très Belles Heures de Notre Dame, 1380–1413, France. Note that the left halberd, although resembling the one in the St. Lambert panel (fig. 5), is more slender and has no sharpened and protruding wooden shaft at the upper end. These forms coexist with the more “developed” forms such as in fig. 14. Courtesy of the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, MS. Nouv. Acq. Lat 3093 folio 181 recto. Fig. 14. Reduced modern impression from the right hand wood block (one of the original three) called the Bois Protat, ca. 1370–80. The halberd is capped as in fig. 12 but appears to have a longer shaft. The original woodblock is in the Paper Museum of the city of Basel, Switzerland. Private collection. Fig. 15. Early halberd blade resembling that in the foreground of the St. Lambert Panel in Graz (fig. 5) and mounted on a new shaft. Note that the St. Lambert halberd’s shaft extends above the upper eye and is sharpened to a point, that is, into a wooden spike. Private collection. Fig. 16. Swiss warrior carrying a halberd with a (presumably) sharpened extension of the shaft above the blade and resembling that of figs. 5 and 15. Mid 16th century Swiss chron- icle of Johan Stumpf. It is probable that the woodcut itself is from a slightly earlier period, that is, early 16th century, but the halberd itself is of 15th century manufacture. Courtesy of Karl Mohler, Basel. Figs. 17a and b. Two representations from the Passion in Codex 339 “Mystisches Traktat zum Leiden Christi”, Luzern, 1396, in the library of the Benedictine Cloister in Engelberg, Switzerland. The halberd in the doorway of the building in 17b is a pure “Sempach” form; the one in the right of 17a is described in the text as the “capped” form with the spike in line with the shaft. Courtesy of the library of the Cloister. Fig. 18. Partial view of the Swiss army in the large woodcut “Dorneck 1499”. Note the profusion of “Sempach” type halberds with the spike point in front of the shaft axis. Courtesy of the Kupferstichkabinet, Basel. list of illustrations ix Fig. 19. Thrusting with the halberd spike of a weapon contemporary with the woodcut. “Dorneck 1499”. Courtesy of the Kupferstichkabinett, Basel. Fig. 20. “Dorneck 1499”. Thrusting with a halberd. Courtesy of the Kupferstichkabinett,Basel. Fig. 21. “Dorneck 1499”. Overhead swing with a halberd. Courtesy of the Kupferstichkabinett, Basel. Fig. 22. “Dorneck 1499”. Sideswing with a halberd and decapitation. Courtesy of the Kupferstichkabinett, Basel. Fig. 23. Martin Schongauer, “Christ Taken” from the engraved passion, ca. 1480. Note the non-contemporary halberd shafted by “eyes” and the slightly forward curved spike. Courtesy Vassar College. Fig. 24. Early halberds in the Landesmuseum, Zurich. From an illustration in the 1928 article by E.A. Gessler on the development of the halberd. The individual blades are dis- cussed in the text, and numbered left to right. Fig. 25. This 13th century halberd in Basel (inv. no. 1873.24, neg. no. 12375) measures 47cm in length and has a greatest width of 6.5 cm. It is almost identical to the first hal- berd in fig. 24, including the triangular top eye. Courtesy of the Historisches Museum, Basel. Fig. 26. Halberd #2 in fig. 24, late 13th century, found near Rorbas, Canton Zurich. It measures 42 cm. in length and has a greatest width of 7 cm. The upper eye is almost completely broken off. Note that the blade back is now straight and useful for thrusting. Courtesy of the Landesmuseum, Zurich, inv. no. 4327. Fig. 27. Halberd #3 in fig. 24. It is the first to show a real indent between the blade and the spike. The length is 43 cm., the spike is 15 cm., and its weight is 960 g. It was found amongst the vine roots in Cormondrèche near Neuchâtel. Courtesy of the Landesmuseum, Zurich, inv. no. LM6345. Fig. 28. Halberd of about 1300–20, very similar to the one in fig. 27. Note that both edges of the spike are sharpened as well as the rear blade edge between the eyes. Courtesy of the Historisches Museum Bern, inv. no. 3463. Fig. 29. Halberd blade with a broken spike probably used at the battle of Morgarten in 1315 and excavated there in the 1860’s. Note how compact and massive the weapon is. Courtesy of the Landesmuseum, Zurich, inv. no. 13153. Fig. 30. Reconstructed drawing of the halberd in fig. 29, Landesmuseum, Zurich, inv. no. 13153. Fig. 31. Halberd blade closely following the Morgarten blade of fig. 29 of ca. 1330,(?). Note the very long lower eye. Ex. collection Charles Boissonnas, found in the river Broye in the 19th century. Photo courtesy of Landesmuseum, Zurich. x list of illustrations Fig. 32. Halberd blade on a new pole somewhat after the one in fig. 31 (ca. 1350?). It is larger and more slender. The blade is slightly drawn in at the base. Ex collection Charles Boissonnas. Found in the river Thièle in the 19th century. Photo courtesy of the Landes- museum Zurich. Fig. 33. Halberd blade of the middle of the 14th century, found in 1985 in 5 meters (16 ft.) of water in the Greifensee (Switzerland) near the shore. Two small pieces of the staff were trapped in the eyes but were lost during the process of conservation. It mea- sures 37 cm. in length; the spike is 14.2 cm. and its weight 578 g. Courtesy of the Landesmuseum, Zurich, inv. no. KZ 11476. Fig. 34. Halberd blade found in the excavation of the castle of Hünenberg, Canton Zug in 1945. Length 39.5 cm., weight 590 g. Second third of the 14th century. Displayed in the Landesmuseum, Zurich, inv. no. Dep. 3453. Courtesy of the Landesmuseum Zurich. Fig. 35. Halberd blade on a replacement staff and with a separate beak, the latter show- ing the weld mark. End of the 14th century. The thick curved dorsal langet appears at about this time (see also fig. 37), the anterior one is sometimes a later addition. What is novel in this weapon is that the spike point is in line with the shaft because of its slight backward lean. Courtesy of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, inv. no. 14.25.35. Fig. 36. Halberd blade on a new staff with distinct and partially dehiscent weld marks. A posterior rounded langet is present as well as a small beak as part of the upper eye. Note the slight forward curve of the beak edge of the flat spike (vaguely like fig. 23). This is one of the last halberds before the change in hafting from “eyes” to a socket. Courtesy of the Historisches Museum, Bern. Fig. 37. Halberd of ca. 1400 with a long narrow blade and an angled convexity leading to the spike which also leans backwards slightly so that the point as in fig. 35 is in line with the shaft. The spike tip is clearly reinforced and the last 3.5 cm. are quadrangular. The blade measures 43.8 cm. in length. Only a short rear langet is present. It has possi- bly the oldest surviving shaft, and one of the last of a round diameter, which measures 181 cm. in length and has a diameter of 3.8 cm. just below the langet. The shaft between the eyes measures 3.1 cm. in diameter and appears to be made of a soft wood such as pine. It is also among the last halberds before the appearance of sockets, but as shown throughout this book, such types were probably made and used until late in the 15th cen- tury and are shown in illustrations of ca. 1500 alongside later forms. Private collection. Fig. 38. Schematic diagram illustrating the method of creating the “eyes” on a 14th cen- tury halberd. A mandrel would have been inserted during the final bending of the eye and during the hammer welding process. The Morgarten blade in Zurich (fig. 29) was created in this way. Hardened steel might have subsequently been welded on the cutting edges of the blade, the spike point and the beak, if there was one. Fig. 39. Two photographs of the lower eye of the early Basel halberd in fig. 25. The retouched one shows that there is a single weld of a strap bent as in fig. 38. The upper (triangular) eye is welded on both sides.