Praise for Hacking Exposed™ Web Applications: Web Application Security Secrets and Solutions, Third Edition “Whether you are a business leader attempting to understand the threat space for your business, or an engineer tasked with writing the code for those sites, or a security engineer attempting to identify and mitigate the threats to your applications, this book will be an invaluable weapon in your arsenal.” —From the Foreword by Chris Peterson Senior Director of Application Security, Zynga Game Network Former Director of Security Assurance, Microsoft Corporation “I cut my teeth reading Joel’s work, and this book is no disappointment. People often ask where to find high-quality content that will help them gain a foothold in this daunting industry. This is the kind of desk reference every web application security practitioner needs. It will certainly hold a place of prominence in my personal library.” —Robert “RSnake” Hansen CEO SecTheory and founder of ha.ckers.org “An eye-opening resource for realizing the realities of today’s web application security landscape, this book explores the latest vulnerabilities as well as exploitation techniques and tradecraft being deployed against those vulnerabilities. This book is a valuable read for both the aspiring engineer who is looking for the first foray into the world of web application security and the seasoned application-security, penetration-testing expert who wants to keep abreast of current techniques.” —Chad Greene Director, eBay Global Information Security “As our businesses push more of their information and commerce to their customers through web- applications, the confidentiality and integrity of these transactions is our fundamental, if not mandatory, responsibility. Hacking Exposed Web Applications provides a comprehensive blueprint for application developers and security professionals charged with living up to this responsibility. The authors’ research, insight, and 30+ years as information security experts, make this an invaluable resource in the application and information protection toolkit. Great Stuff!” —Ken Swanson CISM, IS Business Solution Manager, regionally based P&C insurance company “This book is so much more then the authoritative primer on web application security; it’s also an opportunity to accompany the foremost industry experts in an apprenticeship that even seasoned professionals will enjoy.” —Andrew Stravitz, CISSP Director of Information Security, Barnes & Noble.com “A very timely reference, as cloud computing continues to expand into the enterprise and web security emerges as the new battleground for attackers and defenders alike. This comprehensive text is the definitive starting point for understanding the contemporary landscape of threats and mitigations to web applications. Particularly notable for its extensive treatment of identity management, marking the first time that challenges around authentication have been surveyed in-depth and presented in such an accessible fashion.” —Cem Paya Google Security Team This page intentionally left blank HACKING EXPOSED ™ WEB APPLICATIONS: WEB APPLICATION SECURITY SECRETS AND SOLUTIONS THIRD EDITION JOEL SCAMBRAY VINCENT LIU CALEB SIMA New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2011 by Joel Scambray. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 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Stop Hackers in Their Tracks 1 Chapter 1: Upgrading to Windows XP Hacking Exposed, Hacking Exposed Hacking Exposed Computer 24 Deadly Sins of 6th Edition Malware & Rootkits Forensics, 2nd Edition Software Security Hacking Exposed Hacking Exposed Hacking Exposed Hacking Exposed: Linux, 3rd Edition Windows, 3rd Edition Web 2.0 Web Applications, 2nd Edition Gray Hat Hacking, Hacking Exposed Hacking Exposed IT Auditing: Using Controls to 2nd Edition Wireless VoIP Protect Information Assets To Jane, thanks for getting Hacking Exposed off the ground and sustaining it for so many years. —Joel To Heather, for keeping me laughing and smiling through it all. —Vinnie To my Mom and Dad (thanks for putting up with me), my brothers Jonathon, RJ, and Andrew, and my sister Emily. Finally, to all the people of SPI who changed my life and helped build a great company. —Caleb ABOUT THE AUTHORS Joel Scambray Joel Scambrayis co-founder and CEO of Consciere, provider of strategic security advisory services. He has assisted companies ranging from newly minted startups to members of the Fortune 50 to address information security challenges and opportunities for over a dozen years. Joel’s background includes roles as an executive, technical consultant, and entrepreneur. He has been a Senior Director at Microsoft Corporation, where he led Microsoft’s online services security efforts for three years before joining the Windows platform and services division to focus on security technology architecture. Joel also co- founded security software and services startup Foundstone, Inc., and helped lead it to acquisition by McAfee for $86M. He previously held positions as a manager for Ernst & Young, a security columnist for Microsoft TechNet, Editor at Large for InfoWorld Magazine, and director of IT for a major commercial real-estate firm. Joel is widely recognized as co-author of Hacking Exposed: Network Security Secrets and Solutions, the international best-selling computer security book that first appeared in 1999. He is also lead author of the Hacking Exposed Windows and Hacking Exposed Web Applications series. He has spoken widely on information security at forums including Black Hat, I-4, INTERFACE, and The Asia Europe Meeting (ASEM), as well as organizations including IANS, CERT, The Computer Security Institute (CSI), ISSA, ISACA, SANS, private corporations, and government agencies such as the Korean Information Security Agency (KISA), FBI, and the RCMP. Joel holds a BS from the University of California at Davis, an MA from UCLA, and he is a Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP). Vincent Liu Vincent Liu, CISSP, is a Managing Partner at Stach & Liu. Before founding Stach & Liu, Vincent led the Attack & Penetration and Reverse Engineering teams for the Global Security unit at Honeywell International. Prior to that, he was a consultant with the Ernst & Young Advanced Security Centers and an analyst at the National Security Agency. Vincent is a sought-after speaker and has presented his research at conferences, including Black Hat, ToorCon, and Microsoft BlueHat. Vincent holds a Bachelor of Science and Engineering from the University of Pennsylvania with a major in Computer Science and Engineering and a minor in Psychology. Caleb Sima Caleb Sima is the CEO of Armorize Technologies, the Santa Clara–based provider of integrated Web application security solutions. He previously founded SPI Dynamics in 2000 and, as CTO, oversaw the development of WebInspect, a solution that set the bar in Web application security testing tools. When Hewlett- Packard (HP) acquired SPI Dynamics in 2007, Sima took on the role of Chief Technologist at HP’s Application Security Center, where he directed the company’s security solutions’ lifecycles and spearheaded development of its cloud-based security service. In this role, he also managed a team of accomplished security experts who successfully identified new security threats and devised advanced countermeasures. Prior to co-founding SPI Dynamics, Caleb worked for Internet Security Systems’ elite X-Force research and development team where he drove enterprise security assessments for the company. A thought leader and technical visionary in the web application security field, Sima holds five patents on web security technology and has co-authored textbooks on the subject, is a frequent media contributor, and regularly speaks at key industry conferences such as RSA and Black Hat. He is a member of ISSA and is one of the founding visionaries of the Application Vulnerability Description Language (AVDL) standard within OASIS, as well as a founding member of the Web Application Security Consortium (WASC). ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS Hernan Ochoa is a security consultant and researcher with over 14 years of professional experience. Hernan began his professional career in 1996 with the creation of Virus Sentinel, a signature-based file/memory/mbr/boot sector detection/removal antivirus application with heuristics to detect polymorphic viruses. Hernan also developed a detailed technical virus information database and companion newsletter. He joined Core Security Technologies in 1999 and worked there for 10 years in various roles, including security consultant and exploit writer. As an exploit writer, he performed diverse types of security assessments, developed methodologies, shellcode, and security tools, and contributed new attack vectors. He also designed and developed several low- level/kernel components for a multi-OS security system that was ultimately deployed at a financial institution, and he served as “technical lead” for ongoing development and support of the multi-OS system. Hernan has published a number of security tools, including Universal Hooker (runtime instrumentation using dynamic handling routines written in Python), Pass-The-Hash Toolkit for Windows, and WifiZoo. He is currently working as a security consultant/researcher at Amplia Security, performing network, wireless, and web applications penetration tests; standalone/client-server application black-box assessments; source code audits; reverse engineering; vulnerability analysis; and other information security–related services. Justin Hays is a Senior Security Associate at Stach & Liu. Before joining Stach & Liu, Justin served as an enterprise support engineer for PTC Japan where his responsibilities included application debugging, reverse engineering, and mitigating software defects in PTC’s flagship Windchill enterprise server J2EE software. Prior to PTC, Justin held a software development position with Lexmark, Inc., where he designed and implemented web application software in support of internal IT operations. Justin holds a BS from the University of Kentucky with a major in Computer Science and a minor in Mathematics. Carl Livitt is a Managing Security Associate at Stach & Liu. Prior to joining Stach & Liu, Carl led the network security services group for a well-respected UK security company and provided network security consultancy for several of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world. Carl has also worked with UK police counterterrorism units, lecturing on technological security issues to specialist law-enforcement agencies. Rob Ragan is a Senior Security Associate at Stach & Liu. Before joining Stach & Liu, Rob served as a software engineer at Hewlett-Packard’s Application Security Center, where he developed web application security testing tools and conducted application penetration testing. Rob actively conducts web application security research and has presented at Black Hat, Defcon, InfoSec World, and Outerz0ne. Rob holds a BS from Pennsylvania State University with a major in Information Sciences and Technology and a focus on System Development. About the Technical Editor Robert Hensing is a Senior Consultant at Microsoft, where he has worked in various security roles for over 12 years. Robert previously worked with the Microsoft Security Response Center with a focus on providing root cause analysis and identifying mitigations and workarounds for security vulnerabilities to help protect customers from attacks. Prior to working on the MSRC Engineering team, Robert was a senior member of the Customer Support Services Security team, where he helped customers with incident response–related investigations. Robert was also a contributing author on Hacking Exposed Windows: Windows Security Secrets and Solutions, Third Edition.